Acknowledgments

Volume 1

Color Plates for Art and Architecture

1: Detail from Legend of the True Cross, fresco painting by Piero della Francesca, © David Lees/Corbis; 2: Portrait of Agnolo Doni, painting by Raphael, © Arte & Immagini srl/Corbis; 3: The Story of Joseph, individual panel from the Gates of Paradise gilded bronze doors made by Lorenzo Ghiberti for the Baptistery in Florence, © Ted Spiegel/Corbis; 4: David, by Verrochio, © Michael Nicholson/Corbis; 5: Santa Maria Novella, facade designed by Leon Battista Alberti, © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 6: Sacred Allegory, painting by Vincenzo Bellini, © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 7: The Penitent Magdalen, painting by Titian, photograph, © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 8: Last Judgment, by Michelangelo, 1508—1512, The Art Archive; 9: Etienne Chevalier and St. Stephen, painting by Jean Fouquet, 1450, Staatliche Museen Gemdldegalerie at Berlin, photograph, © Francis G. Mayer/Corbis; 10: Château Chambord, palace built by King Henry II, painting, © Adam Woolfitt/Corbis; 11: God the Father, detail (center panel) from The Ghent Altarpiece, painting on wood panel by Hubert van Eyck and Jan van Eyck, © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 12: The Deer Hunt of Friedrich III, the Wise, Elector of Saxony, painting by Lucas Cranach the Elder, © Ali Meyer/Corbis; 13: Return of the Hunters, painting by Pieter Brueghel the Elder, The Art Archive/Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna/The Art Archive; 14: View of Toledo, oil painting by El Greco, © Francis G. Meyer/Corbis.

Black-and-White Photographs

7: The Labours of the 12 Months, manuscript painting by Pietro de Crescenzi, Le Rustican, © Giraudon/Art Resource, New York; 10: Malatesta Temple, Rimini, with facade by Leon Battista Alberti, photograph, Alinari-Art Reference/Art Resource, New York; 15 From The Herbal, by J. Gerarde, © Corbis; 21: The Anatomy Lesson, by John Banister, photograph, © Bettmann/Corbis; 27: St. Peter's Basilica, aerial view, Vatican City, Rome, Italy, photograph, © Alinari/Art Resource, New York; 28: Vitruvian Man, drawing by Leonardo da Vinci, photograph, Corbis Corporation; 31: Beatrice d'Este, panel painting by Giovanni Ambrogio Predis, © Scala/Art Resource, New York; 37: German armor for man and horse, 16th century, horse armor attributed to Kunz Lochner, painting, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Bashford Dean Memorial Collection, Gift of Mrs. Bashford Dean, 1929, (29.15/.29), Rogers Fund, 1932, (32.69), photograph, all rights reserved, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; 39: The Annunciation, painting attributed to Antoniazzo Romano, ca. 1475–1485, © Burstein Collection/Corbis; 48: Sigismund Chapel in Cracow, Poland, illustration, Rysinski Studio Inc. Edward Rysinski, New York; 50: Exterior View of Château de Fontainebleau, designed by Gilles Le Breton, painting, © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 54: Self-Portrait, painting by Albrecht Dürer, 1500, photograph, Giraudon/Art Resource, New York; 57: David, sculpture by Michelangelo, photograph, Scala/Art Resource, New York; 59: The Tribute Money, detail of fresco painting by Masaccio, © Sandro Vannini/Corbis; 64: Saint Eligius as a Goldsmith, painting by Petrus Christus, © Francis G. Mayer/Corbis; 68: Palace and monastery of El Escorial, built ca. 1562–1584, Madrid, Spain, photograph by Ruggero Vanni, © Vanni Archives/Corbis; 76: Rudolf I (center) with two sons Albert and Rudolf, photograph, Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna; 79: Francis Bacon, engraving, © Leonard de Selva/Corbis; 86: The Madonna of the Meadow, painting by Giovanni Bellini, © National Gallery, London/Corbis; 89: Gutenberg printed bible on display, photograph, © Bettmann/Corbis; 93: Boccaccio, painting by Andrea del Castagno, 1449–1451, © Arte & Immagini, SRL/Corbis; 103: Allegory of Spring, painting by Sandro Botticelli, Uffizi Gallery, Florence, photograph, Corbis-Bettmann; 109: View of the Tempietto di San Pietro in Montorio, Rome, Italy, designed by Donato Bramante, painting, © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis, Corbis, New York; 113: The Peasant Wedding, painting by Pieter Breughel the Elder, photograph, Art Resource, New York; 115: The octagonal dome of the Duomo, church designed by Filippo Brunelleschi, photograph, © Scala/Art Resource, New York; 121: Philip III, Duke of Burgundy, print, Archive Photos, Inc.; 128: The Cardsharps, oil painting by Caravaggio, © Kimbell Art Museum/Corbis; 132: Baldassare Castiglione, oil painting on canvas by Raphael, in the collection of the Musée du Louvre, Paris, France, © Scala/Art Resource, New York; 136: Fishing for Souls, oil painting by Adriaen van de Venne, © Rijksmuseum Amsterdam; 139: Saltcellar of Francis I, 1539–1543, artwork by Benvenuto Cellini, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria, © Francis G. Mayer/Corbis; 149: The Emperor Charles V at the Battle of Muhlberg, painting by Titian, © Gianni Dagli Orti/Corbis; 152: Children's Games, oil painting by Pieter Breughel the Elder, © Francis G. Mayer/Corbis; 157: Engraving of St. Peter's Square and Basilica, by Giacomo della Porta, © Corbis; 163: Detail from The Allegory of Good Government: The Effects of Good Government in the City, fresco cycle by Ambrogio Lorenzetti, © David Lees/Corbis; 169: The School of Athens, mural by Santi Raphael, photograph by Erich Lessing, Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York; 178: The Princesses Sibylla, Emilia and Sidonia of Saxony, painting by Lucas Cranach the Elder, © Ali Meyer/Corbis; 182: Etching of Christopher Columbus on Hispanola, © Corbis; 190: Painting of Nicolaus Copernicus, © photograph by Erich Lessing/Museum of Torun, Torun, Poland/Art Resource, New York; 195: Painting of Ludovico Gonzaga, his family and court, © Arte & Immagini srl/Corbis; 199: Comfort the Prisoner, altar panel from Altmunster in Upper Austria, ca. 1490, © Brandstatter, Dr. Christian/Corbis.

Volume 2

Color Plates for Daily Life

1: Precious Metal Workshop, painting by School of Agnolo Bronzino, © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 2: From German manuscript Splendor Solis, illustration, The Art Archive/British Library/British Library; 3: Portrait of a Merchant, by Jan Gossaert, National Gallery of Art; 4: Manufacturing Wool, painting by Mirabello Cavalori, 1570–1572, illustration, © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 5: Summer, painting by Francesco Bassano, 1570–1580, © Alexander Burkatowski/Corbis; 6: Fruit Vendor, oil painting by Bernardo Strozzi, © Arte & Immagini srl/Corbis; 7: The Egg Dance, painting by Jan Mostaert, The Art Archive/Museo Civico Cremona/Dagli Orti; 8: The Fortuneteller, oil painting attributed to Caravaggio, © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 9: The Conjuror, painting on panel by Hieronymus Bosch, © Scala/Art Resource, New York; 10: Single panel from a triptych of the Seven Sacraments, by Rogier Van de Weyden, illustration, © Scala/Art Resource, New York; 11: Temple de Lyon, Nomme Paradis, painting, The Art Archive/University Library Geneva/Dagli Orti; 12: The Joust in the Piazza Santa Croce, Florence, 1555, fresco painting by Jan van der Straet, The Bridgeman Art Library; 13: Battle of San Romano, tempera and silver foil on wood, by Paolo Uccello, ca. 1455, National Gallery, London, England, The Art Archive/Eileen Tweedy; 14: Game of Chess, oil painting on canvas by Sofonisba Anguisciola, The Bridgeman Art Library; 15: An Old Man and His Grandson, painting on panel by Domenico Ghirlandaio, The Art Archive/Musée du Louvre Paris/The Art Archive.

Black-and-White Photographs

2: The Labours of the 12 Months: October, fresco, © Alinari/Art Resource, New York; 4: The Indoor Wedding Dance, oil painting by Pieter Brueghel the Younger, © Christie's Images/Corbis; 7 Mercury, bronze sculpture by Giambologna, © Alinari/Art Resource, New York; 13: Vittore Carpaccio's Return of the Ambassadors to England, ©Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 14: John Donne, photograph of painting, courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London; 17: Cityscape, by Adriaen Collaert, British Museum, London, ©Snark/Art Resource, New York; 20: Illustration from Chronicle of Scotland, The Folger Shakespeare Library; 26: Engraving of Robert Garnier, The Bridgeman Art Library; 31: Study of Praying Hands, drawing by Albrecht Dürer, © Classic Illustrations/Corbis; 34: De Sphaera, 15th century illuminated Lombard manuscript, © Gianni Dagli Orti/Corbis; 38: Woodcut of classroom from a 1573 Latin grammar text, The Folger Shakespeare Library; 45: The Armada portrait of Elizabeth I, painting by Marc Gheeraedts, The Granger Collection, New York; 48: The Allegory of the Tudor Succession: The Family of Henry VIII, oil on panel, ©Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection USA/Photo: Bridgeman Art Library; 55: Woodcut from Shepheardes Calendar, by Edmund Spenser, The Granger Collection, New York; 59: Desiderius Erasmus, oil on panel, by Hans Holbein the Younger, ca. 1523, Louvre, Paris, France, The Art Archive/Dagli Orti; 66: Map of the Indian Ocean dedicated to King Manuel I of Portugal, 1519, illustration, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris; 70: The Madonna of Chancellor Rolin, panel painting by Jan Van Eyck, photograph, © Francis G. Mayer/Corbis; 73: Dutch marketplace in Anvers, Netherlands, oil painting, Musées royaux des Beaux-arts de Belgique, Bruxelles; 86: Cosimo de Medici, painting by Pontormo, © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 90: Early Renaissance fresco painting with figures displaying fruit, © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 94: Map of Nancy, France, in 1617, engraving after Claude La Ruelle, The Art Archive/Musee Historique Lorrain Nancy/Dagli Orti; 99: Antoine Macault, painting, © Giraudon/Art Resource, New York; 108: Engraving of Michel de Montaigne, The Library of Congress; 112: Oil painting of Galileo Galilei by Justus Sustermans, © Bettmann/Corbis; 115: Villa Este and gardens, Tivoli, Italy, color engraving, The Art Archive/Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana Venice/Dagli Orti; 119: Map of America, from the 1633 copy of Atlas of the World, by Gerardus Mercator, The Art Archive/Biblioteca Nacional Madrid/Dagli Orti; 128: Triumphal Entry into Jerusalem, fresco by Giotto, 1305–1306, Arena Chapel (Cappella Scrovegni), Padua, Italy, The Art Archive/Dagli Orti; 133: Engraving of Henry IV, King Of France, by Delannoy Staal, © Bettmann/Corbis; 141: Johannes Gutenberg and his printing press, photograph of an A. Menzel painting, Corbis-Bettmann; 150: Henry VIII, portrait painting on panel by Hans Holbein the Younger, © Gianni Dagli Orti/Corbis; 160: Homage to Emperors Albrecht II, Friedrich III, Maximilian I, and Karl V, © photograph by Erich Lessing, Art Resource; 166: Detail from Angel Appearing to Zacharias, fresco cycle by Domenico Ghirlandaio, © Sandro Vannini/Corbis; 169: Sir Thomas More, painting by Hans Holbein the Younger, © Francis G. Mayer/Corbis; 174: Bas relief sculpture of Matthias Corvinus, © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 178: Frontispiece with commentary by Averroes, to Opera (Works), Volume I, by Aristotle, © The Pierpont Morgan Library/Art Resource, New York; 185: Burning of Jewish men accused of heresy and witchcraft by the Spanish Inquisition, a contemporary illustration, Granada, Spain, © Bettmann/Corbis; 188: Portrait of Hugh O'Neill, photograph, The New York Public Library; 194: The Triumph of Death, Florentine manuscript illumination, 15th century, from Rime i Trionfi, by Petrarch, photograph, © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 197: View of Rome, painting by anonymous artist, © Scala/Art Resource, New York; 199: James I, King of England, oil painting by Paul Van Somer, © Bettmann/Corbis; 202: Page from the Hebrew Book of Abraham, printed by Elieser Toledano, © Christel Gerstenberg/Corbis; 206: From Haggadah for Passover; Collection of Texts on the Script and Prayer, German manuscript painting, © Giraudon/Art Resource, New York; 210: Bridal casket, illustration, © The Israel Museum, Jerusalem; 217: Ben Jonson, painting by Isaac Oliver, © Bettmann/Corbis, New York.

Volume 3

Color Plates for the Renaissance City

1: Venice canal, painting by Carpaccio, ca. 1486, David Lees/Corbis; 2: Pope Urban VIII in Il Ges&graveu;, painting by Andrea Sacchi, © Scala/Art Resource, New York; 3: View of an Ideal City, designed by Luciano Laurana, © Arte & Immagini srl/Corbis; 4: Portrait of Cosimo I in Armor, tempera painting by Agnolo Bronzino, © Arte & Immagini srl/Corbis; 5: Ferdinand of Aragon's Fleet in Naples Harbor, painting by Francesco Pagano, © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 6: Portrait of Federigo da Montefeltro, tempera painting by Piero della Francesca, © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 7: View of Perugia, Italy, painting, © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 8: Clock Pavilion wing of the Palais du Louvre, designed by Pierre Lescot, The Art Archive/Dagli Orti; 9: Civitates Orbis Terrarum: View of London, hand-colored prints, part of book by Francis Hogenberg, © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 10: Seven Acts of Mercy, Master Alkmaar feeding the hungry, painting, © Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam; 11: General View of the Port and Town of Amsterdam, engraving by D.G. Hucquier, The Bridgeman Art Library; 12: Pierre Gilles, portrait by Quentin Massys, Konkinklijk Museum Voor Schone Kunsten, Antwerp, Belgie; 13: Exterior of the Plaza Mayor, Madrid, © Jim McDonald/Corbis; 14: Cathedral of St. Michael the Archangel, the Kremlin, photograph, © Neil Beer/Corbis; 15: The Vitava River flowing past Prague Castle and the Hradcany (castle district), Prague, Czech Republic, illustration, © Chris Bland, Eye Ubiquitous/Corbis.

Black-and-White Photographs

2: Johannes Kepler with globe, photograph, © Bettmann/Corbis; 10: From Consilia, Part 4, illustration by Bartolomeo Sozzini, courtesy of Special Collections, Biddle Law Library, University of Pennsylvania Law School; 14 Lady with an Ermine, oil painting by Leonardo da Vinci, © Edimedia/Corbis; 17: Pope Sixtus IV and Platina in the Vatican Library, painting by Melozzo da Forli, © Scala/Art Resource, New York; 22: Painting by Botticelli from The Decameron, by Giovanni Boccaccio, © Archivo Iconografica, S.A./Corbis; 30: Wedding of Ottavio Farnese and Margaret of Austria, fresco by Taddeo Zuccaro, © Scala/Art Resource, New York; 35: Art and the Curio Cabinet, oil painting, © photograph by Eric Lessing, Art Resource, New York; 39: Niccolo Macchiavelli, painting by Santi di Tito, © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 43: Celestial map with signs of zodiac and mythological characters, illustration, The Art Archive/Bodleian Library Oxford/The Bodleian Library; 50: Portrait of Christopher Marlowe, The Granger Collection, New York; 56: Fra Luca Pacioli with mathematical instruments, photograph, Achivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 64: Portrait of Lorenzo the Magnificent, painting by Giorgio Vasari, © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 66: Doctor giving treatment to sick man with cut on leg, fresco by Domenico di Bartolo, The Art Archive/Santa Maria della Scala Hospital Siena/Dagli Orti (A); 74: Pieta, sculpture by Michelangelo Buonarroti, © Araldo de Luca/Corbis; 80: Woodcut depicting copper smelting process, © Bettmann/Corbis; 82: Portuguese Jesuit missionaries in Japan, screen painting, The Art Archive/Museo de Arte Antiga Lisbon/Dagli Orti; 87: The Banker and His Wife, oil painting by Quentin Massys, © Bettmann/Corbis; 94: Woodcut by Ambrosius Holbein from Utopia by Thomas More, from the March 1518 edition printed in Basel by John Froben, W.W. Norton & Company, Inc; 100: Four Musicians Playing in a Meadow, by Erich Lessing, Art Resource, New York; 104: The Concert, oil painting by Master of the Female Half-Lengths, © Francis G. Mayer/Corbis; 109: Choir Panel from Cantoria, by Luca Della Robbia, illustration, © Ted Spiegel/Corbis; 115: Birth of Venus, tempera on canvas by Sandro Botticelli, ca. 1482, Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence, Italy, The Art Archive/Dagli Orti; 123: Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft, photograph, The New York Public Library; 131: History of the Spedale: The Hospital and the Social Practices of Marriage and Adoption, fresco painting by Domenico di Bartolo © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 136: Palazzo Piccolomini, constructed by Bernardo Rossellino, painting, The Art Archive/Dagli Orti; 139: Villa Rotonda (formerly the Villa Capra), designed by Andrea Palladio, ca. 1566–1570, near Vicenza, Italy, © Sandro Vannini/Corbis; 141: Procession of knights passing before King Henry II of France, The Art Archive/Bibliotheque Municipale Rouen/Dagli Orti; 144: Hotel Nevers, Nesle Tower, and Grand Gallery of the Louvre seen from Pont Neuf bridge, painting, The Art Archive/Musée Carnavalet Paris/Dagli Orti; 148: Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southhampton, illustration, Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery; 155: Portrait of Francesco Petrarch, © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 156: Philip II of Spain, painting by Titian, © Arte & Immagini srl/Corbis; 159: Detail from Miracle of the Sacrament, fresco by Cosimo Rosselli, Scala/Art Resource, New York; 165: Bas relief sculpture of 15th century religious pilgrims, painting, © David Lees/Corbis; 173: The Plague, painting by Marcantonio Raimondi, © Historical Picture Archive/Corbis; 177: Pope Pius II (as Eneas Silvio Piccolomini), being crowned, painting, The Art Archive/Piccolomini Library Siena/Dagli Orti; 183: Portrait of Edmund Spenser, Library of Congress; 187: Stephen Bathory and Sigismund III, engraving, © Historical Picture Archive/Corbis; 189: Jean Bodin, engraving, Art Resource; 189: Pope Julius II, oil painting on wood by Raphael, © National Gallery Collection, by kind permission of the Trustees of the National Gallery, London/Corbis; 200: Peasant Dance, painting by Pieter Bruegel the Elder, © Francis G. Mayer/Corbis; 205: Detail of a view of Lisbon from Civitates Orbis Terrarum, painting by Georg Braun, © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 209: History of the Spedale: Distribution of Alms, fresco painting by Domenico de Bartolo. © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 213: Dr. King Preaching at Old St. Paul's before James I, painting by J. Stow, The Bridgeman Art Library.

Volume 4

Color Plates for New Frontiers

1: Colorplate from Harmonia Macrocosmica, an atlas of the heavens written by Andreae Cellarius, © Archivo Inconografico, S.A./Corbis; 2: Vasco de Gama, 16th century Portuguese print, © Stapleton Collection/Corbis; 3: Illustration from Brevis Narratio Eorum Quae in Florida Americae, written and illustrated by Theodor de Bry, © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 4: Decorated world map by Jan Blaeu, 16th century, illustration, © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 5: Detail from The Port of Seville, showing Magellan's fleet, painting by Alonso Sanchez Coello, © Giraudon/Art Resource, New York; 6: Colchium and Ephemerum, botanical prints and text by Girolamo Mattioli, © Araldo de Luca/Corbis; 7: Portuguese carracks off a rocky coast by Joachim Patinir, The National Maritime Museum; 8: Model of aerial screw, built after a sketch, invention by Leonardo da Vinci, © Scala/Art Resource, New York; 9: Manuscript illumination of the dissection of a cadaver by Bartholome l'Anglais, translated by Jehan Corbichon, photograph, © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 10: Jakob II Fugger, portrait by Dosso Dossi, The Art Archive; 11: Metal foundry for the production of cannons, fresco, 16th century, The Art Archive/Galleria degli Uffizi Florence/Dagli Orti (A); 12: Martin Luther and the Wittenberg Reformers, oil painting by Lucas Cranach the Elder, Toledo Museum of Art; 13: Philip II on Horseback, oil painting on canvas by Peter Paul Rubens, © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 14: Betrothal of the Virgin, oil painting by Raphael, © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 15: The Sense of Hearing, oil painting on panel by Jan Brueghel, The Art Archive/Museu del Prado Madrid/Dagli Orti.

Black-and-White Photographs

2: Engraving of a printing press in 1520, © Bettmann/Corbis; 8: Martin Luther, painting on wood panel, © Bettmann/Corbis; 12: Isabella Queen of Spain, detail of Virgin of the Fly, painting attributed to Gerard David, © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 18: Detail from Madonna of the Fish, oil painting on canvas by Raphael, © Francis G. Mayer/Corbis; 22: Ignatius de Loyola, engraving ca. 1550, photograph, Hulton/Archive; 27: Thomas à Kempis, woodcut, Corbis-Bettmann; 32: Self Portrait, painting by Giorgio Vasari, Arte Video Immagine Italia srl/Corbis-Bettmann; 38: Elizabeth I before Parliament, hand-colored engraving, © The Folger Shakespeare Library; 42: Peasants taking up arms, engraving, © Bettmann/Corbis; 63: Title page of Dialogus Systemate Mundi, written by Galileo Galilei, © Bettmann/Corbis; 65: Illustration of engraving of rhinoceros by Albrecht Dürer, Library of Congress; 73: Painting of Santorio Santoro's weighing chair, painting by Christel Gerstenberg, Corbis; 78: Mary Magdalene, by Donatello, ca. 1454–1455, Museo dell Opera del Duomo, Florence, Italy, The Art Archive/Dagli Orti; 82: The Prodigal Son with Courtesans, painting, © Gianni Dagli Orti/Corbis; 84: William Shakespeare, engraving by Martin Droeshout, AP/Wide World Photos; 89: Elizabethan galleons at sea, engraving, Corbis; 92: Illustration from Toggenberg Bible of people suffering with bubonic plague, 15th century painting, © Bettmann/Corbis; 95: Galley slave, engraving by Vecellio, 16th century, © Christel Gerstenberg/Corbis; 102: Civitates Orbis Terrarum: Sevilla, painting by Georg Braun, © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 105: Lithograph of Garcilaso de la Vega, photograph, The Library of Congress; 110: A Game of Football in the Piazza Santa Maria Novella, fresco by Giovani Stradano, William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan; 112: James I of England, painting by Paul van Somer, © Gianni Dagli Orti/Corbis; 118: Le Diverse et Artifiose Machine, illustration/figure LXXV, by Agostino Ramelli, © Corbis; 121: Teatro Olimpico, view of stage and amphitheater, designed by Andrea Palladio, painting, © Scala/Art Resource, New York; 130: Tournament, manuscript illustration by Ogier le Danois, © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 133: Travellers in a Landscape, painting by Jan Brueghel the Elder, © Victoria & Albert Museum, London/Art Resource, New York; 135: The ruins of the Colosseum, built by the Emperor Vespasian, 72–80 b.c., Roman Imperial Period, Rome, Italy, painting, © Timothy McCarthy/Art Resource, New York; 140: Meeting of Doctors of the University of Paris, engraving, The Art Archive/Bibliotheque des Arts Decoratifs Paris/Dagli Orti; 151: The Arsenal, detail from Map of Venice, drawing by Jacopo de Barbari, © Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York; 153: Warrior Handing a Letter to a Page, painting by Veronese, © Christie's Images/Corbis; 156: View of Vienna, Austria, painting by Jollain, © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 159: Tortures and executions of Dutch freedom fighters and protestants, copper engraving, © Christel Gerstenberg/Corbis; 164: The Victory of Camollio, painting by Giovanni di Lorenzo Cini, © Alinari/Art Resource, New York; 172: Medieval woodcut of two witches standing at a cauldron, taken from a 15th century book on alchemy, photograph, © Bettmann/Corbis; 175: Details from Allegory of March: Triumph of Minerva, fresco by Francesco del Cossa, © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis.