CHRONOLOGY

DATE	AUTHOR AND TITLE	EVENT
1933	Feuchtwanger, Lion: Die Geschwister Oppermann (Oppermanns )	The Adolf Hitler becomes chancellor of Germany on 30 January.
		Dachau, the first permanent concentration camp, is opened in a suburb of Munich in March.
		In April Nazis organize a national boycott of Jewish-owned businesses. The first anti-Jewish laws are also passed, removing all Jews from government jobs, including teaching positions. Further laws follow, and by the end of the year 53,000 Jews have left Germany.
1934		Upon the death of German President Paul von Hindenburg, Hitler combines the offices of chancellor and president, becoming führer, or leader, of the Third Reich, with absolute power. All army officers and soldiers swear allegiance to Hitler.
1935		Germany passes the Nuremberg Laws, which define Jews in racial terms, strip them of German citizenship, and ban marriages and sexual relationships between Jews and non-Jews.
1936		Hitler and the Nazis temporarily ease anti-Jewish actions as the Olympic Games open in Berlin.
		Germany and Italy enter into agreements that develop into a political and military alliance called the Rome-Berlin Axis.
1937		Buchenwald concentration camp is established on 16 July.
1938		In March the German army moves into Austria, which is annexed by Germany through Anschluss, an agreement that makes the country part of Nazi Germany. Austrian crowds cheer Hitler as he enters Vienna. Anti-Semitic laws rapidly go into effect.
		An international conference is held in Évian-les-Baines, France, to discuss the plight of Jewish refugees in Europe. No solutions are found to resolve the crisis.
		In Paris, Herschel Grynszpan, a young Jew, shoots and kills Ernst vom Rath, a German embassy official. Grynszpan's actions spark Kristallnacht ("Crystal Night" or "Night of Broken Glass"), a series of organized Nazi attacks throughout Germany in which Jews are beaten, synagogues are burned, Jewish homes and businesses are destroyed, and 30,000 Jewish men are arrested and sent to concentration camps.
		Italian dictator Benito Mussolini adopts the anti-Jewish laws of Hitler.
1939		World War II officially begins when Germany invades Poland on 1 September. Two days later Great Britain and France declare war on Germany. Poland surrenders to Germany on 27 September.
		The Nazi euthanasia program begins. In time 70,000 mentally and physically disabled Germans, including children, are murdered by Nazi doctors and their staffs.
		On 21 September Reinhard Heydrich, second in command of the SS, issues a directive to Nazi task forces ordering the "resettlement" of Polish Jews to urban centers (specifically, ghettos) near railroad lines.

DATE	AUTHOR AND TITLE	EVENT
		In October Hitler appoints Hans Frank governor-general of certain sections of Poland that later become the resettlement areas for Jews and others the Nazis deem unfit for Reich citizenship.
		On 23 November Jews in German-occupied Poland are ordered to wear the yellow Star of David on their clothing at all times.
1940		The Lodz ghetto is created in Poland in February and sealed in April.
		Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS, orders the building of a concentration camp at Auschwitz in occupied Poland.
		French troops evacuate Paris on 13 June, and German forces take the city the next day. France signs an armistice with Germany on 22 June as German troops occupy the northern part of the country, while a government friendly to Germany (Vichy France) maintains a measure of independence in the south.
		Anti-Jewish measures soon begin in western European countries controlled by Germany.
		Field Marshall Philippe Pétain is appointed head of the German-controlled Vichy government in France. He is later convicted of collaborating with the Nazis.
		The Warsaw Ghetto in Poland is sealed, and nearly 450,000 Jews are confined within its walls.
1941	Brecht, Bertolt: Furcht und Elend des Dritten Reiches (Fear and Misery of the Third Reich )	A ghetto in Kraków is decreed, established, and sealed between 3 March and 20 March.
	Zweig, Stefan: Welt von gestern (The World of Yesterday )	On 22 June, in an offensive called Operation Barbarossa, Germany invades the Soviet Union and quickly takes control of much of the country. Special murder squads known as Einsatzgruppen follow the German army into the Soviet Union to eliminate Jews, political dissidents, and others.
		Hermann Göring, second to Hitler in the Nazi hierarchy, gives Heydrich the authority "to carry out all necessary preparations … for a total solution of the Jewish question" throughout Nazi-controlled Europe.
		Rudolph Hoess, commandant of the Auschwitz concentration camp, oversees the first experiments using poisonous gas for the mass extermination of humans.
		Kiev, the capital of Ukraine, falls to the German army on 19 September. More than 33,000 Jews are murdered at Babi Yar, outside Kiev, on 29 and 30 September.
		During October construction begins on Birkenau (Auschwitz II) in Poland. The emigration of Jews is banned.
		In Poland the construction of an extermination camp at Belzec begins on 1 November.
		The death camp at Chelmno, in the western part of Poland, begins operation. Jews are gassed in sealed vans.
		In December Germany declares war against the United States.
1942	Zweig, Stefan: Schachnovelle (The Royal Game )	Heydrich calls the Wannsee Conference, where the Final Solution, a plan to eliminate all European Jews, is transmitted to various branches of the German government.

DATE	AUTHOR AND TITLE	EVENT
		Slovakian Jews become the first Jews from outside Poland to be transported to Auschwitz.
		Heydrich dies on 4 June of wounds from an earlier assassination attempt by Czech resistance fighters in Prague.
		Anne Frank and her family move into a secret annex constructed in the top stories of her father's office building in Amsterdam.
		The Treblinka death camp begins receiving Jews from Warsaw. It is the last of the three camps, along with Belzec and Sobidor, created to exterminate Polish Jews. The Nazis called this plan Operation Reinhard, in honor of the assassinated Heydrich.
		In September and October Polish Jews Shimson and Tova Draenger join other Jewish youths in forming the Jewish Fighting Organization to work against the Nazis.
		Wladyslaw Bartoszewski, a Roman Catholic Polish resister, helps form a Jewish relief committee called Zegota.
1943		In what came to be known as the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, small groups of Jews begin attacking German troops on 19 April. They continue fighting for nearly a month, until the Germans have killed almost all of the resisters and completely destroyed the ghetto.
		German attempts to deport Danish Jews are defeated when most of the Jewish population of Denmark is safely transported to Sweden.
		On 3 November Operation Erntefest begins. The purpose is the extermination of surviving Jews in the labor camps of Trawniki and Poniatowa and in the Majdanek concentration camp. Between 42,000 and 43,000 are killed in the operation.
		Operation Reinhard is completed, and after the murder of 1.5 million Jews, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, and Majdanek are closed.
		Members of the Jewish community in France establish the Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine (Jewish Contemporary Documentation Center) to gather and house documents about the persecution of Jews.
1944	Borges, Jorge Luis: "El milagro secreto" ("The Secret Miracle")	The Germans occupy Hungary on 19 March and begin large-scale deportations of Jews. By July more than 400,000 Hungarian Jews have been sent to Auschwitz.
	Katzenelson, Yitzhak: Dos lid funem oysge'harg'etn Yidishn folk (The Song of The Murdered Jewish People )	On 6 June, later known as D-Day, Allied forces land in Normandy in northern France during the largest sea invasion in history, called Operation Overlord. After heavy fighting the Allies break out of Normandy and sweep eastward across France. By the end of August, France is liberated.
		On 20 July a small group of German army officers, eager to end the war, unsuccessfully attempts to assassinate Hitler. Many of the conspirators, along with their families, are tortured and executed.
		During the course of October 1944, the industrialist Oskar Schindler is granted permission by the Nazis to establish a munitions factory in Czechoslovakia. This allows Schindler to spare Jewish prisoners from death by employing them.

DATE	AUTHOR AND TITLE	EVENT
		Concentration camp prisoner Roza Robota participates in the inmates' revolt at Auschwitz, which leads to the destruction of one of the crematoria.
		On 26 October Himmler orders the destruction of the concentration camps and their inmates.
1945	Asch, Sholem: One Destiny: An Epistle to the Christians	British troops liberate the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.
	Edelman, Marek: Getto walczy: Udzial Bundu w obronie getta warszawskiego (The Ghetto Fights )	The Swedish diplomat Folke Bernadotte negotiates a deal with Himmler that allows 10,000 women to be released from the Ravensbrück concentration camp.
	Miłosz, Czesław: Ocalenie ("Salvation")	As Soviet troops approach, the Nazis begin the evacuation of the Auschwitz death camp on 18 January, forcing some 66,000 surviving prisoners on a death march. Soviet troops reach the camp on 27 January.
	Rousset, David: L'Univers concentrationnaire (A World Apart )	U.S. General George S. Patton and his Third Army liberate the Buchenwald concentration camp in Germany on 11 April.
	Berg, Mary: Warsaw Ghetto: A Diary	On 28 April Mussolini is captured by resistance fighters and executed. His body is put on public display in Milan.
	Sutzkever, Abraham: Di Festung ("The Fortress")	American troops liberate the Dachau concentration camp on 29 April.
	Wiechert, Ernst: Der Totenwald: Ein Bericht (Forest of the Dead )	On 30 April Hitler and Eva Braun commit suicide in his underground bunker in Berlin.
		Germany surrenders on 7 May.
		Göring is arrested by American troops during May. A year later, after having been condemned to death for war crimes, he commits suicide.
		Himmler, the senior Nazi official responsible for overseeing the mass murder of 6 million European Jews, is captured by the Allies on 21 May. Two days later he commits suicide.
		Trials for war crimes begin in Nuremberg in November. Justice Robert H. Jackson of the U.S. Supreme Court gives the opening address for the United States before the International Military Tribunal.
1946	Borowski, Tadeusz, Janusz Nel Siedlecki, and Krystyn Olszewski: Bylismy w Oswiecimiu (We Were in Auschwitz )	Göring, one of the highest Nazi officials to be accused and convicted of war crimes, testifies in his own defense during the Nuremberg trials.

	Kogon, Eugene: Der SS-Staat: Das System de Deutschen Konzentrationslager (The Theory and Practice of Hell: The German Concentration Camps and the System Behind Them )	U.S. Brigadier General Telford Taylor becomes the chief counsel for the remaining Nuremberg trials after Jackson resigns.

	Lengyel, Olga: Souvenirs de l'au-delá (Five Chimneys: The Story of Auschwitz )
	Radnóti, Miklós: Tatjékos ég (Clouded Sky )
	Szpilman, Wladyslaw: Smierc miasta (The Pianist )
	Tedeschi, Giuliana: Questo povero corpo (There Is a Place on Earth: A Woman in Birkenau)
	Tillion, Germaine: Ravensbrück
	Frankl, Viktor: Ein Psycholog erlebt das Konzentrationslager (Man's Search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logotherapy )
	Glik, Hirsh: Zog nit keynmol

DATE	AUTHOR AND TITLE	EVENT
1947	Calvino, Italo: Il sentiero dei nidi di ragno (Path to the Spiders' Nest )	Holocaust survivor Simon Wiesenthal forms the Jewish Historical Documentation Center in Austria to track down Nazi war criminals.
	Camus, Albert: La Peste (The Plague )	The Polish parliament passes an act to establish the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.
	Frank, Anne: Het achterhuis (The Diary of a Young Girl )	The site of the Bergen-Belsen camp serves as an underground training center for Haganah, the Jewish military force in Palestine.
	Antelme, Robert: L'Espéce humaine (The Human Species )
	Ka-Tzetnik 135633: Salamandra (Sunrise over Hell )
	Levi, Primo: Se questo é un uomo (Survival in Auschwitz )
	Levin, Meyer: My Father's House
	Millu, Liana: Il fumo di Birkenau (Smoke over Birkenau )
	Nyiszli, Miklos: Dr. Mengele boncolóorvosa voltam az auschwitzi krematóriumban (Auschwitz: A Doctor's Eyewitness Account )
	Sachs, Nelly: "O the Chimneys!"
1948	Celan, Paul: "Todesfuge" ("Death Fugue")	On 14 May the State of Israel is established.
	Koeppen, Walter: Jakob Littners Aufzeichnungen aus einem Erdloch	The Warsaw Ghetto Monument, a memorial commemorating the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, is unveiled.
	Aichinger, Ilse: Die größere Hoffnung (Herod's Children )
	Meed, Vladka: Fun beyde zaytn geto-moyer (On Both Sides of the Wall )
	Perl, Gisela: I Was a Doctor in Auschwitz
	Rudnicki, Adolf: Wniebowstąpienie (Ascent to Heaven )
1949	Borges, Jorge Luis: "Deutsches Requiem"	The Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) is established.
	Weil, Jiří: Zivot s hvezdou (Life with a Star )
		The Ghetto Fighters' House Holocaust and Jewish Resistance Heritage Museum is founded in Israel by Holocaust survivors.
1950	Hersey, John: The Wall	The Bergen-Belsen camp is closed.
		Former SS official Adolf Eichmann escapes to Argentina.
		The Law of Judging Nazi Criminals and Their Helpers is passed in Israel, allowing for the prosecution of former Nazis.
1951	Böll, Heinrich: Wo warst du, Adam? (And Where Were You, Adam? )	The Israeli parliament passes a law establishing Holocaust Remembrance Day (Yom ha-Sho'ah), an annual day of commemoration.
	Grade, Chaim: "Mayn krig mit Hersh Rasseyner" ("My Fight with Hersh Rasseyner")	The Conference on Jewish Material Claims against Germany is established by Jewish organizations to discuss restitution for Holocaust survivors.
	Greenberg, Uri Zvi: Rehovot hanahar: Sefer ha 'iliyot yehakoah (Streets of the River: The book of Dirges and Power )	Following a trial, the former commander of Einsatzgruppe D, Otto Ohlendorf, is hanged at Landsberg Prison. The former SS general Oswald Pohl and the former head of Sonderkommando 1005, Paul Blobel, are also hanged.
	Klein, A.M.: The Second Scroll	The former SS official Jürgen Stroop, who headed the elimination of the Warsaw Ghetto in 1943, is executed after being found guilty of war crimes.
	Sachs, Nelly: Eli: Ein Mysterienspiel vom Leiden Israels (Eli: A Mystery Play of the Sufferings of Israel)	The former Buchenwald guard Hans Schmidt is executed. He is the last war criminal executed by the Allies.
	Sperber, Manés: Qu'une larme dans l'ocean (Like a Tear in the Ocean )	Konrad Adenauer, chancellor of West Germany, issues a formal apology for the Nazi persecution of Jews and offers reparations.

DATE	AUTHOR AND TITLE	EVENT
1952	Bassani, Giorgio: Una lapide in Via Mazzini (A Plaque on Via Mazzini )	With the signing of the Luxembourg Treaty, Israel and Germany agree on restitution for the damages done to Jews by the Nazis.
	Ringelblum, Emmanuel: Notitsn fun Varshever geto (Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto: The Journal of Emmanuel Ringelblum )	A Day of Holocaust Heroism is enacted by the Israeli parliament.
	Bryks, Rachmil: Oif kiddush ha-shem un andere dertzeilungen (A Cat in the Ghetto )	Plotzensee Prison in Germany, where many resistance fighters were killed during World War II, is restored as a memorial.
	Cohen, Elie Aron: Het Duitse concentratiekamp; Een Medische en Psychologische studie (Human Behavior in the Concentration Camp)
	Remarque, Erich Maria: Der Funke Leben (Spark of Life )
1953	Dürrenmatt, Friedrich: Der Verdacht (The Quarry )	On 28 August the Israeli parliament passes the Yad Vashem Law, which establishes the Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority to commemorate the 6 million Jews killed in the Holocaust, the communities and institutions destroyed, the soldiers and resistance members who fought the Nazis, the dignity of the Jews attacked, and those who risked their lives in order to aid Jews.
	Memmi, Albert: Statue du sel (Pillar of Salt )
	Gascar, Pierre: Le Temps des morts (The Season of the Dead )
	Ka-Tzetnik 135633: Beit ha-bubot (House of Dolls )
1955	Celan, Paul: "Schibboleth" ("Shibboleth")	Yad Vashem begins an effort to document every Holocaust victim by gathering "pages of testimony" about those killed.
	Kolmar, Gertrud: Das lyrische Werk (Dark Soliloquy: The Selected Poems of Gertrud Kolmar )
1956		After serving 7 years of a 20-year sentence for war crimes, former Einsatzgruppe B commander Franz W. Six is released from prison.
1957	Camus, Albert: La Chute (The Fall )	Rabbi Leo Bäck, instrumental in organizing Germany Jewry and helping Jews escape from Germany during World War II, dies in London.
	Goodrich, Frances, and Hackett, Albert: The Diary of Anne Frank	Yad Vashem begins publishing the first English-language journals to focus on the study of the Holocaust.
	Brecht, Bertolt: Der aufhaltsame Aufstieg des Arturo Ui (The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui )	The bodies of Jewish forced laborers are exhumed in Hungary.
	Sylvanus, Erwin: Korczak und die Kinder (Dr. Korczak and the Children )	A memorial is established at the Mauthausen concentration camp memorial in Austria.
	Klein, Gerda Weissmann: All but My Life	Former SS official Fritz Katzmann dies. He successfully eluded prosecution for 12 years.
	Minco, Marga: Het bittere Kruid: Een kleine Kroniek (Bitter Herbs: A Little Chronicle )
	Presser, Jacques: De Nacht der Girondijnen (Night of the Girondists, or Breaking Point )
	Różewicz, Tadeusz: Poezje zebrane (Collected Poems )
	Sachs, Nelly: "Landschaft aus Schreien" ("Landscape of Screams")
1958	Bruck, Edith: Chi ti ama cosí (Who Loves You Like This )	The Buchenwald National Memorial Museum is founded.
	Grade, Chaim: Der mames shabosim (My Mother's Sabbath Days )	The Central Office for the Investigation of National Socialist Crimes is established by the West German government.
	Apitz, Bruno: Nackt unter Wölfen (Naked among Wolves )
	Flinker, Moshe: Hana'ar Moshe: Yoman shel Moshe Flinker (Young Moshe's Diary: The Spiritual Torment of a Jewish Boy in Nazi Europe )
	Frisch, Max (Rudolph): Biedermann und die Brandstifter: Eine Lehrstück ohne Lehre, mit einem Nachspiel (Biedermann and the Firebugs: A Morality without a Moral)

DATE	AUTHOR AND TITLE	EVENT

	Lustig, Arnošt: Noc a nadeje (Night and Hope )
	Lustig, Arnošt: Demanty noci (Diamonds of the Night )
	Malamud, Bernard: "The Last Mohican"
	Malamud, Bernard: "Lady of the Lake"
	Megged, Aharon: Hannah Senesh (Hanah Senesh )
	Wiesel, Elie: La Nuit (Night )
1959	Heimler, Eugene: Night of the Mist	The German industrialist Alfred Krupp is made to pay reparations to former concentration camp inmates who were forced to work in his munitions factories.
	Hill, Geoffrey: "Two Formal Elegies"	The former head of Einsatzkommando 3, Karl Jäger, is arrested. He commits suicide before he can be brought to trial.
	Grass, Günter: Die Blechtrommel (The Tin Drum )
	Levin, Meyer: Eva: A Novel of the Holocaust
	Richler, Mordecai: The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz
	Roth, Philip: "Eli, the Fanatic"
	Schwarz-Bart, André: Le Dernier des justes (The Last of the Just )
1960	Celan, Paul: "Zürich, zum Storchen" ("Zürich, the Stork Inn")	In May Eichmann is arrested in Argentina by the Israeli Security Service.

	Sartre, Jean-Paul: Les Séquestrés d'Altona (The Condemned of Altona)	The Anne Frank House in Amsterdam opens its doors as a public museum.
	Bettelheim, Bruno: The Informed Heart: Autonomy in a Mass Age
	Sierakowiak, Dawid: Dziennik (Diary of Dawid Sierakowiak: Five Notebooks from the Lodz Ghetto )
	Wiesel, Elie: L'Aube (Dawn )
1961	Ka-Tzetnik 135633: Karu lo Piepel (Piepel) (asAtrocity, 1963)	Eichmann is tried in Israel, found guilty of war crimes, and sentenced to death.

	Kruk, Herman: Togbukh fun Vilner Geto ("Chronicle of the Vilna Ghetto")	The Hall of Remembrance, a Holocaust memorial, is dedicated in Israel.
	Hart (Moxon), Kitty: I Am Alive!
	Levertov, Denise: "During the Eichmann Trial"
	Manger, Itzik: "My Hate Song"
	Rawicz, Piotr: Le Sang du ciel (Blood from the Sky )
	Remarque, Erich Maria: Die Nacht von Lissabon (The Night in Lisbon )
	Uris, Leon: Mila 18
	Wallant, Edward Lewis: The Pawnbroker
	Wiesel, Elie: Le Jour (The Accident )
	Yevtushenko, Yevgeny: "Babii Yar"
1962	Bassani, Giorgio: Il giardino dei Finzi-Contini (The Garden of the Finzi-Contini )	Eichmann is executed for his part in the murder of hundreds of thousands of Jews.
	Frisch, Max (Rudolph): Andorra: Stück in zwölf Bildern (Andorra: A Play in Twelve Scenes)	Israel and Jewish agencies influence the investigation of Swiss bank accounts that may have belonged to Holocaust victims. Claimants receive 9.5 million Swiss francs.
	Lind, Jakov: "Eine Seele aus Holz" ("Soul of Wood")	As a result of the Yad Vashem Law, a commission is founded to award and honor "the Righteous among the Nations" who helped save the lives of Jews during World War II.
	Wiesel, Elie: La Ville de la chance (The Town beyond the Wall )

DATE	AUTHOR AND TITLE	EVENT
1963	Bor, Josef: Terezínské Rekviem (Terezin Requiem )	Twenty-one SS officers who worked at Auschwitz during World War II are tried in West Germany.
	Amichai, Yehuda: Lo me-akshav lo mikan (Not of This Time, Not of This Place )
	Fuks, Ladislav: Pan Theodor Mundstock (Mr. Theodore Mundstock )
	Ginzburg, Natalia: Lessico famigliare (Family Sayings; What We Used to Say )
	Hochhuth, Rolf: Der Stellvertreter: Ein christliches Trauerspiel (The Deputy )
	Jabés, Edmond: Le Livre des questions (The Book of Questions)
	Levi, Primo: La tregua (The Reawakening )
	Lind, Jakov: Landschaft in Beton (Landscape in Concrete )
	Malamud, Bernard: "The German Refugee" ("The Refugee")
	Semprun, Jorge: Grand voyage (The Long Voyage )
	Vrba, Rudolf, with Alan Bestic: I Cannot Forgive
1964	Heyman, Eva: Yomanah shel Evah Hayman (The Diary of Eva Heyman )	The Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial Museum is established on the site of the former camp.
	Hilsenrath, Edgar: Nacht (Night )	A memorial at Treblinka, site of a former death camp, is dedicated.
	Gouri, Haim: 'Iskat ha-shokolad (The Chocolate Deal )
	Katzenelson, Yitzhak: Pinkas Vitel (Vittel Diary )
	Levin, Meyer: The Fanatic
	Lustig, Arnošt: Modlitba pro Katerinu Horovitzovou (A Prayer for Katerina Horovitzova )
	Miller, Arthur: Incident at Vichy
	Schindel, Robert: "Errinerungen an Prometheus" ("Memories of Prometheus")
	Wiesel, Elie: Les Portes de la foret (The Gates of the Forest )
1965	Ferderber-Salz, Bertha: Un di zun hot geshaynt (And the Sun Kept Shining )	The National Democratic Party of Germany, led primarily by ex-Nazis and espousing nationalist, right-wing doctrines, is founded.
	Donat, Alexander: The Holocaust Kingdom
	Grynberg, Henryk: Zydowska wonja (Child of the Shadows )
	Habe, Hans: Die Mission (The Mission )
	Hildesheimer, Wolfgang: Tynset
	Kaplan, Chaim A.: Scroll of Agony: The Warsaw Diary of Chaim A. Kaplan
	Kipphardt, Heinar: Joel Brand: Die Geschichte eines Geschäfts ("Joel Brand: The Story of a Business Deal")
	Kosinski, Jerzy: The Painted Bird
	Kosinski, Jerzy: "Notes of the Author on The Painted Bird "
	Levin, Meyer: The Stronghold
	Weiss, Peter: Die Ermittlung (The Investigation )
	Wiesel, Elie: Entre deux soleils (One Generation After )
1966	Améry, Jean: Jenseits von Schuld und Sühne: Bewältigungsversuche eines Überwältigten (At the Mind's Limits )	The documentation center of the Bergen-Belsen Memorial Museum opens in Germany.
	Ka-Tzetnik 135633: Kokhav ha-efer (Star Eternal )	Raoul Wallenberg, a Swedish diplomat who saved the lives of some 15,000 Jews during World War II, is honored as one of the Righteous among the Nations by Yad Vashem.
	Kuznetsov, Anatoli: Babii Iar: Roman-dokument (Babi Yar: A Documentary Novel )	Albert Speer, former minister of war production for Nazi Germany, and Baldur von Schirach, the former head of Hitler Youth, are released from Spandau Prison.
	Senesh, Hannah: Hanah Senesh: Yomanim, Shirim, Eduyot (Hannah Senesh, Her Life and Diary )
	Singer, Isaac Bashevis: Sonim, di Geshichte fun a Liebe (Enemies: A Love Story)
	Steiner, Jean François: Treblinka

DATE	AUTHOR AND TITLE	EVENT
1967	Borowski, Tadeusz: This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen	Franz Stangl, former commandant of the Sobidor death camp, who oversaw the gassing of more than 100,000 people in his first two months there, is taken to Germany to stand trial for war crimes.
	Bryks, Rachmil: Geto fabrik 76 (Ghetto Factory 76)	A memorial is built at Birkenau.
	Birenbaum, Halina: Nadzieja umiera ostatnia (Hope Is the Last to Die )
	Gary, Romain: La Danse de Gengis Cohn (The Dance of Genghis Cohn )
	Kovner, Abba: Ahoti ketanah (My Little Sister )
	Kuper, Jack: Child of the Holocaust
	Potok, Chaim: The Chosen
	Singer, Isaac Bashevis: "The Lecture"
	Zeitlin, Aaron: Lieder fun churban 'on lieder fun gloybin
1968	Ben-Amotz, Dahn: Lizkor lishcoah (To Remember, to Forget )

	Czerniaków, Adam: The Warsaw Diary of Adam Czerniaków
	Hill, Geoffrey: "September Song"
	Kosinski, Jerzy: Steps
	Modiano, Patrick: Le Place de l'étoile
	Rudashevski, Yitskhok: Yomano shel na'ar mi-Vilnah: Yuni 1941-April 1943 (The Diary of the Vilna Ghetto )
	Singer, Isaac Bashevis: "The Letter Writer"
1969	Grynberg, Henryk: Zwyciestow (The Victory )	The text of the German penal code that declared male homosexuality to be illegal and that allowed the Nazi mistreatment of homosexuals is eliminated.
	Kaniuk, Yoram: Adam ben kelev (Adam Resurrected )
	Becker, Jurek: Jakob der Lügner (Jacob the Liar )
	Lind, Jakov: Counting My Steps: An Autobiography	A memorial is dedicated at Majdanek, where some 350,000 prisoners were murdered during World War II.
	Modiano, Patrick: La Ronde de nuit (Night Rounds )
1970	Bellow, Saul: Mr. Sammler's Planet	Leonid Brezhnev, the leader of the Soviet Union, orders the exhumation and incineration of Hitler's body.
	Delbo, Charlotte: Auschwitz et aprés (Auschwitz and After )	Speer publishes a memoir.
	Kovner, Abba: Hupah ba-midbar (A Canopy in the Desert )	Stangl is found guilty of war crimes and sentenced to life in prison.
	Wiesenthal, Simon: Die Sonnenblume: Von Schuld und Vergebung (The Sunflower )
1971	Hilsenrath, Edgar: The Nazi and the Barber	Beate and Serge Klarsfeld discover former SS officer Klaus Barbie in La Paz, Bolivia. He is not extradited until 1983.
	Bachmann, Ingeborg: Malina
	Wojdowski, Bogdan: Chleb rzucony umarlym (Bread for the Departed )
1972	Frisch, Max (Rudolph): Nun singen sie wieder: Versuch eines Requiems (Now They Sing Again: Attempt of a Requiem)	Massuah, the Institute for the Study of the Holocaust, is established in Israel.
	Agnon, S. Y.: "The Sign"
	Grass, Günter: Aus dem Tagebuch einer Schnecke (From the Diary of a Snail )
	Modiano, Patrick: Les Boulevards de ceinture (Ring Roads )
	Potok, Chaim: My Name Is Asher Lev
	Sutzkever, Abraham: Griner akvarium (Green Aquarium )
1973	Cohen, Arthur A.: In the Days of Simon Stern	As of 1973, only a few American universities and colleges offer courses on Holocaust studies.
	Oz, Amos: La-ga'at ba-mayim, la-ga'at ba-ruah (Touch the Water, Touch the Wind )

DATE	AUTHOR AND TITLE	EVENT
1974	Klein, A.M.: Collected Poems
	Morante, Elsa: La storia: Romanzo (History: A Novel )
	Tabori, George: The Cannibals
1975	Kertész, Imre: Sorstalanság (Fateless )	In memory of the Jews who perished at Theresienstadt, the kibbutz Beit Theresienstadt is opened in Israel.
	Levi, Primo: Il sistema periodico (The Periodic Table )	The trial of 16 former officials of the Majdanek concentration camp begins in Düsseldorf.
	Appelfeld, Aharon: Badenheim 'ir nofesh (Badenheim 1939 )
	Niemöller, Martin: Martin Niemöller: Briefe aus der Gefangenschaft Moabit (Exile in the Fatherland: Martin Niemöller's Letters from Moabit Prison )
	Pérec, Georges: W, ou, le souvenir d'enfance (W, or the Memory of Childhood)
	Reznikoff, Charles: Holocaust
	Sexton, Anne: The Awful Rowing toward God
1976	Fénelon, Fania, with Marcelle Routier: Sursis pour	Former SS Colonel Joachim Peiper is murdered in his home in France.
	l'orchestre (Playing for Time )
	Lustig, Arnošt: Darkness Casts No Shadows
1977	Eliach, Yaffa, with Uri Assaf: The Last Jew: A Play in Four Acts	Construction of the Simon Wiesenthal Center for Holocaust Studies begins in Los Angeles.
	Abish, Walter: "The English Garden"
	Krall, Hanna: Zdazyc przed Panem Bogiem (Shielding the Flame: An Intimate Conversation with Dr. Marek Edelman, the Last Surviving Leader of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising )
	Moczarski, Kazimierz: Rozmowy z katem (The Conversations with an Executioner )
	Szlengel, Wladyslaw: Co czytalem umarlym ("What I Read to the Dead")
1978	Friedländer, Saul: Quand vient le souvenir (When Memory Comes )	The Anne Frank Center USA opens in New York City with the purpose of educating the public about the Holocaust and the dangers of discrimination and intolerance.
	Gurdus, Luba Krugman: The Death Train: Personal Account of a Holocaust Survivor	Josef Mengele, a doctor who conducted inhumane medical experiments on Jewish prisoners at Auschwitz, dies a free man in South America.
	Korczak, Janusz: Pamietnik z getta (Ghetto Diary )
	Leitner, Isabella: Fragments of Isabella: A Memoir of Auschwitz
	Figes, Eva: Little Eden: A Child at War
	Rybakov, Anatoli: Tiazhelyi pesok (Heavy Sand )
1979	Epstein, Leslie: King of the Jews: A Novel of the Holocaust	The miniseries Holocaust is broadcast on U.S. television. It is later credited with breaking the silence about the Holocaust in Germany.
	Ficowski, Jerzy: Odczytanie popiolów (A Reading of Ashes )	The Office of Special Investigations is created by the U.S. Department of Justice. Its purpose is to investigate and bring to justice Nazi war criminals living in the United States.
	Hofmann, Gert: Die Denunziation ("The Denunciation")	Israel implements a Holocaust curriculum to be taught in its schools.
	Lustig, Arnošt: Z deniku sedmnactilete Perly Sch (The Unloved )	More than 200 American universities offer courses in Holocaust studies.
	Arieti, Silvano: The Parnas: A Scene from the Holocaust
	Müller, Filip: Sonderbehandlung: Drei Jahre in den Krematorien und Gaskammern von Auschwitz (Eyewitness Auschwitz: Three Years in the Gas Chambers )
	Roth, Philip: The Ghost Writer
	Sherman, Martin: Bent
	Steiner, George: The Portage to San Cristóbal of A.H.
	Styron, William: Sophie's Choice
	Sutzkever, Abraham: Di ershte nakht in geto ("The First Night in the Ghetto")

DATE	AUTHOR AND TITLE	EVENT
1980	Bitton-Jackson, Livia: Elli: Coming of Age in the Holocaust	A law establishing the United States Holocaust Memorial Council, designed to oversee the creation of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, is passed by Congress.
	Abish, Walter: How German Is It
	Grossman, Vasily: Zhizn' i sud'ba (Life and Fate )
	Lewitt, Maria: Come Spring
	Ozick, Cynthia: "The Shawl"
	Semprun, Jorge: Quel beau Dimanche (What a Beautiful Sunday! )
1981	Hillesum, Etty: Het vestoorde leven: Dagboek van Etty Hillesum, 1941-1943 (An Interrupted Life: The Diaries of Etty Hillesum, 1941-43 )	The Holocaust Memorial Center, the first establishment of its kind in the United States, breaks ground in Michigan. It opens to the public in 1984.
	Orlev, Uri: Ha-I bi-rehov ha-tsiporim (The Island on Bird Street )	A national registry of Holocaust survivors who immigrated to the United States is established.
	Hart (Moxon), Kitty: Return to Auschwitz: The Remarkable Story of a Girl Who Survived the Holocaust
	Thomas, D.M.: The White Hotel
1982	Dorian, Emil: The Quality of Witness: A Romanian Diary, 1937-1944 (Jurnal din vremur de prigoanæa )	Sophie's Choice, a film version of the novel by William Styron, opens to critical acclaim.
	Eliach, Yaffa: Hasidic Tales of the Holocaust	Babi Yar Park, a memorial to those who were killed at Babi Yar during World War II, is dedicated in Denver, Colorado.
	Appelfeld, Aharon: Ha 'pisgah (The Retreat )
	Grade, Chaim: "Mayn krig mit Hersh Rasseyner" ("My Quarrel with Hersh Rasseyner")
	Hillesum, Etty: Het denkende hart van de barak: Brieven van Etty Hillesum (Letters from Westerbork )
	Keneally, Thomas: Schindler's List (Schindler's Ark )
	Levi, Primo: Se non ora, quando? (If Not Now, When? )
1983	Appelfeld, Aharon: Ketonet veha-pasim (Tzili, the Story of a Life )
	Fink, Ida: Skrawek czasu (A Scrap of Time )
	Fried, Erich: Trost und Angst: Erzählungen über Juden und Nazis ("Consolation and Anxiety: Stories about Jews and Nazis")
	Kipphardt, Heinar: Bruder Eichmann
	Ozick, Cynthia: "Rosa"
	Sobol, Joshua: Geto (Ghetto )
1984	Améry, Jean: Radical Humanism	The Jewish Holocaust Museum and Research Centre opens in Melbourne, Australia.
	Tabori, George: Jubiläum ("Jubilee")	The United States revokes the citizenship of and deports Arthur Rudolph, an engineer and scientist, when his former Nazi ties are discovered.
	Tec, Nechama: Dry Tears: The Story of a Lost Childhood	In a controversial move, a Carmelite convent is established by a group of Roman Catholic nuns near and on the grounds of the former concentration camp at Auschwitz. Many Jews object.
	Edvardson, Cordelia: Bränt barn söker sig till elden (Burned Child Seeks the Fire )
	Heyen, William: Erika: Poems of the Holocaust
	Stiffel, Frank: The Tale of the Ring: A Kaddish
1985	Durlacher, Gerhard: Strepen aus de hemel: Oorlogsherinneringen (Stripes in the Sky: A Wartime Memoir )	Human remains found in Brazil are confirmed to be those of the Nazi doctor Mengele.
	Lanzmann, Claude: Shoah: An Oral History of the Holocaust
	Nomberg-Przytyk, Sara: Auschwitz: True Tales from a Grotesque Land
	Roth, Philip: Zuckerman Bound: A Trilogy and Epilogue

DATE	AUTHOR AND TITLE	EVENT
1986	Becker, Jurek: Bronsteins Kinder (Bronstein's Children )	Elie Wiesel founds the Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity, dedicated to promoting human rights.
	Hofmann, Gert: Veilchenfeld	The former Croatian minister of the interior Andrija Artukovic, who was largely responsible for the deaths of Jews in Croatia during World War II, is found guilty of war crimes and sentenced to death.
	Levi, Primo: I sommersi e i salvati (The Drowned and the Saved )	The government of Australia declares its intent to investigate and prosecute former Nazis residing in the country.
	Spiegelman, Art: Maus—A Survivor's Tale
1987	Durlacher, Gerhard: Drenkeling kinderjaren in het derde rijk (Drowning: Growing up in the Third Reich )	On 4 July Barbie is found guilty of crimes against humanity and is sentenced to life in prison.
	Kofman, Sara: Paroles suffoquées (Stifled Words )	The exhibition Topography of Terror: Gestapo, SS and Reich Security Main Office on the "Prinz Albrecht Terrain" opens in celebration of Berlin's 750th anniversary.
	Ozick, Cynthia: The Messiah of Stockholm	John Demjanjuk, accused of being the man known as "Ivan the Terrible" in the Treblinka concentration camp, is tried in Israel. He is found guilty of war crimes.
		The Canadian government enables the investigation and prosecution of former Nazis living in the country.
1988	Bernhard, Thomas: Heldenplatz	The U.S. Office of Special Investigations continues to research former Nazis living in the United States. Some 600 active files are under investigation.
	Lebow, Barbara: A Shayna Maidel	The Monument against War and Fascism, a five-piece sculpture installation, is erected in Vienna.
	Appelfeld, Aharon: Bartfus ben ha-almavet (The Immortal Bartfuss )
	Lewin, Abraham: A Cup of Tears: A Diary of the Warsaw Ghetto
	Orlev, Uri: Ha-Ish min ha-tsad ha-aher (The Man from the Other Side )
	Rymkiewicz, Jaroslaw: Umschlagplatz (Final Station: Umschlagplatz )
	Tory, Avraham: Geto yom-yom: Yoman u-mismakhim mi-Geto Kovnah (Surviving the Holocaust: The Kovno Ghetto Diary )
1989	Rich, Adrienne: "Eastern War Time"	The Terezín Memorial is founded on the site of the Theresienstadt ghetto and camp in the Czech Republic.
	Nir, Yehuda: The Lost Childhood: A Memoir
	Sobol, Joshua: Adam
	Wiesel, Elie: L'Oublie (The Forgotten )
1990	Fink, Ida: Podróz (The Journey )	The reunification of East and West Germany takes place.
	Kertész, Imre: Kaddis a meg nem született gyermekért (Kaddish for a Child Not Born )
	Klepfisz, Irena: " Di rayze aheym /The journey home"
	Kushner, Tony: A Bright Room Called Day
	Yehoshua, A.B.: Mar Maniy (Mr. Mani )
	Zuckerman, Yitzhak (Antek): Sheva' ha-shanim ha-hen: 1939-1946 (A Surplus of Memory: Chronicle of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising )
1991	Friedman, Carl: Tralievader (Nightfather )	Kiev, Ukraine, decrees 29 September a memorial day to honor the victims of Babi Yar.
	Menasse, Robert: Selige Zeiten, brüchige Welt (Wings of Stone )	Descendants of the Shoah, an organization that assists the children of Holocaust survivors, is established in Melbourne, Australia.
	Begley, Louis: Wartime Lies
	Pagis, Dan: Kol ha-shirim
	Sobol, Joshua: Underground
	Zable, Arnold: Jewels and Ashes

DATE	AUTHOR AND TITLE	EVENT
1992	Glazar, Richard: Die Falle mit dem grünen Zaun: Überleben in Treblinka (Trap with a Green Fence: Survival in Treblinka )	The World Jewish Restitution Organization is formed with the purpose of reclaiming assets and property lost during the Holocaust.
	Klüger, Ruth: weiter leben: Eine Jugend (Still Alive: A Holocaust Girlhood Remembered )	The Mechelen Museum of Deportation and the Resistance opens in Belgium. Between 1942 and 1944 the town of Mechelen served as the starting point of a deportation route to Auschwitz.
	Grossman, David: 'Ayen 'erekh-ahavah (See Under: Love )	The Sydney Jewish Museum opens in Australia.
	Schindel, Robert: Gebürtig
1993	Friedman, Carl: Twee koffers vol (The Shovel and the Loom )	The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., is dedicated on 27 April.
	Kops, Bernard: Dreams of Anne Frank: A Play for Young People	Citing a lack of evidence, the Israeli Supreme Court acquits alleged former Nazi Demjanjuk and overturns his death sentence.
	Roth, Philip: Operation Shylock	The Hollywood film Schindler's List is released. The award-winning film succeeds in increasing the public's awareness of the atrocities of the Holocaust.
	Sebald, W.G.: Die Ausgewanderten (The Emigrants )	The Roman Catholic nuns who had resided in the Carmelite convent on the Auschwitz grounds relocate as part of an agreement with Jewish organizations.
1994	Kofman, Sara: Rue Ordener, Rue Labat	The Shoah Foundation, dedicated to assembling videotaped testimonies of Holocaust survivors and observers, is established in Los Angeles.
	Tabori, George: Mutters Courage ("My Mother's Courage")	The Papal Concert to Commemorate the Holocaust, hosted by Pope John Paul II, marks the Vatican's first attempt to memorialize the Holocaust and the deaths of Jews by Nazi Germany.
	Varga, Susan: Heddy and Me	Britain's war crimes investigation force ceases operation.
	Semprun, Jorge: L'Ecriture ou la vie (Literature or Life )	For the first time France acknowledges the deportation of 76,000 Jews during World War II.
1995	Biderman, Abraham: The World of My Past	The Topography of Terror Foundation is established in Berlin. The foundation provides historical information about National Socialism (Nazism).
	Klemperer, Victor: Ich will Zeugnis ablegen bis zum letzten: Tagebücher 1933-1941, and Tagebücher 1942-1945 (I Will Bear Witness: A Diary of the Nazi Years )	The I.G. Farben subsidiary Bayer issues an apology for its participation in the exploitation of Jewish laborers during World War II.
	Schlink, Bernhard: Der Vorleser (The Reader )	The controversial exhibition Vernichtungskrieg: Verbrechen der Wehrmacht, 1941-1944 ("War of Annihilation: Crimes of the Wehrmacht, 1941-1944") is shown in German and Austrian institutions. The exhibition provides evidence that the Wehrmacht, the German army during World War II, was involved in the killing of Jews.
	Verstandig, Mark: I Rest My Case	The C.A.N.D.L.E.S. Holocaust Museum, dedicated to educating the public about the Holocaust and its child survivors, opens in Indiana.
	Wilkomirski, Binjamin: Bruchstücke: Aus einer Kindheit 1939-1948 (Fragments: Memories of a Wartime Childhood )
1996	Fink, Ida: Slady (Traces )	The Swiss Bankers Association completes an investigation of Holocaust-era accounts and determines that approximately $32 million remained unclaimed. Some Jewish organizations believe the amount to be inaccurate As a result, the Volcker Commission is established by the Swiss Bankers Association and Jewish leaders to investigate both the unclaimed assets of Holocaust victims and charges that assets of Jews were stolen by Nazis and deposited in Swiss banks.
	Pinter, Harold: Ashes to Ashes
	Sebastian, Mihail: Jurnal: 1935-1944 (Journal 1935-1944: The Fascist Years )

DATE	AUTHOR AND TITLE	EVENT
		Evidence surfaces that former Argentine President Juan immigration of former Nazis into Argentina.
1997	Baker, Mark: The Fiftieth Gate: A Journey through Memory	Riva Shefer, a 75-year-old Latvian Jew who survived a Nazi labor camp, becomes the first recipient of money from a $200 million Swiss fund established to aid Holocaust survivors.
	Blatt, Thomas Toivi: From the Ashes of Sobidor: A Story of Survival	Germany offers to pay one-time reparations to Holocaust survivors living in eastern Europe. The World Jewish Congress turns down the offer, requesting instead monthly payments.
	Brett, Lily: In Full View	Evidence arises that in 1951 National City, a U.S. bank, knowingly took looted Nazi gold worth approximately $30 million as collateral for a loan to Spain.
	Epstein, Helen: Where She Came From: A Daughter's Search for Her Mother's History	The Museum of Jewish Heritage opens in New York City.
	Stollman, Aryeh Lev: The Far Euphrates	A memorial museum opens on the site of a former Nazi death camp at Sachsenhausen, Germany.
		More than 1,600 American universities offer courses on the Holocaust.
1998	Gay, Peter: My German Question: Growing up in Nazi Berlin	The Vatican issues a document stating that Pope Pius XII, leader of the Roman Catholic Church during the Holocaust, did all he could to save Jews. Many historians disagree.
	Hill, Geoffrey: The Triumph of Love	Maurice Papon, a former official of the Vichy government, is sentenced to 10 years in prison for helping the Germans illegally arrest and deport French Jews.
	Roubickova, Eva: We're Alive and Life Goes On: A Theresienstadt Diary	In July the German automaker Volkswagen agrees to pay reparations to those who worked as slave laborers in its factories during the war.
		UBS and Crédit Suisse agree to pay more than __BODY__.25 billion in reparations to Holocaust survivors and their families in order to end assertions that Swiss banks had knowingly withheld millions of dollars since World War II.
		In August class-action suits are filed against German and Austrian manufacturers, including Daimler-Benz, BMW Volkswagen, Audi, Siemens, and Krupp, that used and benefitted from slave labor supplied by the Nazis during World War II.
1999	Epstein, Leslie: Ice Fire Water: A Leib Goldkorn Cocktail	Dinko Sakic, the last commandant of a World War II concentration camp known to be living, is tried for war crimes.
	Molodowsky, Kadya: Paper Bridges: Selected Poems	The __BODY__.7 billion Remembrance, Responsibility and the Future Fund is established by 12 German corporations to compensate slave laborers whose work benefitted the companies during World War II.
		The Volcker Commission completes its investigation and determines that 54,000 Swiss bank accounts belonged to Holocaust victims.
2000	Doctorow, E.L.: City of God	During the year Germany sets aside $5 billion to provide compensation to slave laborers forced to work for the Nazis during World War II. The money is contributed equally by the German government and German industry.

DATE	AUTHOR AND TITLE	EVENT
		Pope John Paul II makes a historic visit to Israel in March and tours Yad Vashem, the Israeli Holocaust memorial.
2001	Sebald, W.G.: Austerlitz	After many years of planning, work begins on a Holocaust memorial in Berlin.

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