Table of Contents
VOLUME 1
PREFACE … v
MEASUREMENTS … xi
TIMELINE: SIGNIFICANT EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF COMPUTING … xv
TIMELINE: THE HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING, MARKUP AND SCRIPTING LANGUAGES … xxiii
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS … xxv
A
Abacus … 1
Analog Computing … 2
Analytical Engine … 5
Animation … 8
Apple Computer, Inc. … 15
Artificial Intelligence … 18
Association for Computing Machinery … 21
B
Babbage, Charles … 24
Bell Labs … 27
Binary Number System … 29
C
Census Bureau … 31
Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 … 34
Computer Scientists … 38
E
E-commerce … 43
E-mail … 47
Early Computers … 50
Early Pioneers … 58
Ergonomics … 64
G
Games … 67
Generations, Computers … 71
Generations, Languages … 75
Government Funding, Research … 80
H
Hollerith, Herman … 83
Hopper, Grace … 84
Hypertext … 87
I
IBM Corporation … 88
Information Retrieval … 92
Information Technology Standards … 97
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) … 102
Integrated Circuits … 104
Intel Corporation … 107
Interactive Systems … 109
Internet … 115
L
Lovelace, Ada Byron King,
Countess of … 122
M
Mainframes … 125
Memory … 128
Microchip … 131
Microcomputers … 134
Microsoft Corporation … 137
Minicomputers … 139
Minitel … 142
Mouse … 145
Music … 147
N
Napier's Bones … 150
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) … 151
Networks … 154
O
Office Automation Systems … 157
Optical Technology … 160
P
Pascal, Blaise … 164
Privacy … 166
S
Security … 174
Simulation … 178
Slide Rule … 181
Supercomputers … 182
T
Tabulating Machines … 185
Telecommunications … 189
Transistors … 192
Turing, Alan M. … 197
Turing Machine … 199
V
Vacuum Tubes … 201
Virtual Reality in Education … 203
Viruses … 206
W
Watson, Thomas J., Sr. … 210
Window Interfaces … 212
World Wide Web … 218
X
Xerox Corporation … 220
PHOTO AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS … 225
GLOSSARY … 227
TOPIC OUTLINE … 257
INDEX … 267
VOLUME 2
A
Algol-60 Report … 1
Algorithms … 3
Assembly Language and Architecture … 5
Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission … 8
ATM Transmission … 10
B
Bardeen, John, Brattain, Walter H., and Shockley, William B. … 12
Bell, Alexander Graham … 15
Boole, George … 18
Boolean Algebra … 20
Bridging Devices … 24
C
Cache Memory … 27
Cellular Technology … 29
Central Processing Unit … 32
Client/Server Technology … 35
Codes … 40
Coding Techniques … 42
Communication Devices … 45
Compatibility (Open Systems Design) … 48
Compilers … 50
Computer System Interfaces … 52
D
Design Tools … 55
Digital Logic Design … 58
Display Devices … 62
Document Processing … 68
E
Eckert, J. Presper, Jr., and Mauchly, John W. … 72
G
Game Controllers … 79
Graphic Devices … 81
H
Hypermedia and Multimedia … 83
I
Information Systems … 86
Input Devices … 90
Invasive Programs … 93
M
Markup Languages … 104
Memory Devices … 108
Morse, Samuel … 112
Music, Computer … 114
N
Network Design … 117
Network Protocols … 119
Network Topologies … 122
O
Object-Oriented Languages … 124
Operating Systems … 128
Optical Character Recognition … 132
P
Parallel Processing … 134
Pattern Recognition … 138
Personal Digital Assistants … 141
Pointing Devices … 144
Printing Devices … 148
Procedural Languages … 153
Programming … 160
R
Reading Tools … 163
Robots … 166
S
Satellite Technology … 169
Security Hardware … 172
Security Software … 174
Serial and Parallel Transmission … 176
Simulators … 178
Sound Devices … 181
SQL … 185
Storage Devices … 187
System Analysis … 191
Systems Design … 195
T
Touch Screens … 197
Transmission Media … 200
V
Video Devices … 203
Virtual Memory … 205
Virtual Private Network … 211
Virtual Reality … 214
von Neumann, John … 217
W
Wireless Technology … 218
Z
Zuse, Konrad … 221
PHOTO AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS … 225
GLOSSARY … 227
TOPIC OUTLINE … 257
INDEX … 267
VOLUME 3
A
Accounting Software … 1
Agriculture … 3
Aircraft Flight Control … 6
Aircraft Traffic Management … 10
Airline Reservations … 13
Architecture … 16
Asimov, Isaac … 19
Astronomy … 21
ATM Machines … 24
C
CAD/CAM, CA Engineering … 29
Cell Phones … 32
Chess Playing … 35
Chip Manufacturing … 38
Computer Assisted Instruction … 41
Computer Professional … 44
Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) … 47
Computerized Manufacturing … 50
Cormack, Allan, and Hounsfield, Godfrey Newbold … 55
Cray, Seymour … 57
D
Data Processing … 59
Data Visualization … 61
Database Management Software … 64
Decision Support Systems … 67
Desktop Publishing … 70
Distance Learning … 75
E
Economic Modeling … 78
Educational Software … 80
Embedded Technology (Ubiquitous Computing) … 83
Expert Systems … 87
F
Fashion Design … 91
Film and Video Editing … 94
G
Geographic Information Systems … 99
Gross, Alfred J. … 102
H
Hacking … 104
Hewlett, William … 107
Home System Software … 109
I
Image Analysis: Medicine … 114
Integrated Software … 117
K
Kemeny, John G. … 120
Knowledge-Based Systems … 122
L
Laser Technology … 125
Legal Systems … 128
Library Applications … 131
M
Magnetic Stripe Cards … 134
Mathematics … 137
Medical Systems … 139
Molecular Biology … 142
Music Composition … 145
N
Navigation … 148
Neural Networks … 151
O
Open Source … 155
Organick, Elliot … 158
P
Péter, Rózsa … 160
Physics … 161
Process Control … 164
Productivity Software … 166
Project Management … 170
R
Railroad Applications … 173
S
Scientific Visualization … 176
Security Applications … 179
Software Piracy … 182
Space Travel and Exploration … 185
Speech Recognition … 188
Spreadsheets … 191
SQL: Databases … 194
T
Technology of Desktop
Publishing … 196
Telephony … 199
W
Wang, An … 206
Weather Forecasting … 208
Word Processors … 210
PHOTO AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS … 215
GLOSSARY … 217
TOPIC OUTLINE … 247
INDEX … 257
VOLUME 4
A
Agents … 1
Amdahl, Gene Myron … 4
Art … 6
Artificial Life … 9
Assistive Computer Technology for Persons with Disabilities … 11
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) … 17
Authentication … 21
B
Bandwidth … 24
Browsers … 27
C
Censorship: National, International … 31
Chemistry … 34
Computer Vision … 37
Cookies … 40
Copyright … 43
Credit Online … 46
Cryptography … 49
Cybercafe … 53
Cybernetics … 55
D
Data Mining … 58
Data Warehousing … 63
Digital Images … 65
Digital Libraries … 68
Digital Signatures … 71
E
E-banking … 73
E-books … 76
E-commerce: Economic and Social Aspects … 78
E-journals and E-publishing … 81
Electronic Campus … 84
Electronic Markets … 88
Entrepreneurs … 92
Ethics … 99
F
Feynman, Richard P. … 102
Fiction, Computers in … 104
Firewalls … 107
FTP … 110
G
Global Positioning Systems … 112
Global Surveillance … 115
Glushkov, Victor M. … 119
Guru … 120
H
Hackers … 121
Home Entertainment … 124
Human Factors: User Interfaces … 127
I
Information Access … 130
Information Overload … 133
Information Theory … 136
Internet: Applications … 138
Internet: Backbone … 142
Internet: History … 146
Intranet … 150
J
Java Applets … 152
JavaScript … 155
Journalism … 159
M
Marconi, Guglielmo … 163
Mobile Computing … 164
Molecular Computing … 167
N
Nanocomputing … 169
Newell, Allen … 172
Nyquist, Harry … 174
P
Patents … 176
Photography … 178
Political Applications … 181
S
Search Engines … 188
Service Providers … 191
Shannon, Claude E. … 195
Simon, Herbert A. … 197
Social Impact … 198
T
TCP/IP … 202
Telnet … 204
V
Visual Basic … 208
PHOTO AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS … 213
GLOSSARY … 215
TOPIC OUTLINE … 245
INDEX … 255
