Photo and Illustration Credits

Unless noted below, the illustrations and tables featured in Biology were created by GGS Information Services. The photographs appearing in the text were reproduced by permission of the following sources:

Volume 1

p. 4 Willow ptarmigan in summer color, photograph. © JLM Visuals; p. 5 Willow ptarmigan in winter color, photograph. © Marypat Zitzer/JLM Visuals; p. 6 Cross section of human adrenal gland, triangular shape, photograph by Martin M. Rotker. Phototake NYC; p. 8 Elderly married couple, photograph. © Kevin R. Morris/Corbis; p. 11 Wild rice plant grows in Ocala, Florida, photograph. © Jonathan Blair/Corbis; p. 12 Herd of Holsteins eat silage from troughs on a Minnesota farm, photograph. © Richard Hamilton Smith/Corbis; p. 15 AIDS virus attacking T4 lymphocytes, scanning electron micrograph image. ©Wagner/Seifert, Inc./Phototake; p. 18 Santa Monica police officer, administering Breathalyzer test, photograph. © Shelley Gazin/Corbis; p. 21 Algae on Pond, photograph. © Charles Mauzy/Corbis; p. 27 Strawberry poison arrow frog, photograph. © Alex Kerstitch/JLM Visuals; p. 28 Weightlifting with a dumbbell, photograph. © Duomo/Corbis; p. 31 Maidenhair fern with fanshaped leaves, photograph by Robert J. Huffman/Field Mark Publications; p. 32 Light blue iris against black background, photograph. JLM Visuals; p. 35 Transparent jellyfish with short tentacles, photograph by Mark A. Johnson/Stock Market; p. 38 Enzyme-lined immunoabsorbent assay, ELISA plate, photograph. © Lester V. Bergman/Corbis; p. 43 Newly hatched Green Lynx spiders, photograph. © J. C. Cokendolpher/JLM Visuals; p. 44 Ten million year old Archeobacteria, scanning electron micrograph by Eurelios. © Eurelios/Phototake; p. 47 Digitally enhanced X ray of left hand showing rheumatoid arthritis, photograph. © 1994 Michael English, M.D. Custom Medical Stock Photo; p. 49 Streptococcus bacteria attached to a human tonsil cell, colored transmission electron micrograph by Dr. Immo Rantala. © Dr. Immo Rantala/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc; p. 51 Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria, colored transmission electron micrograph by Alfred Pasieka. © Alfred Pasieka/Science Photo Library, Photo Researchers, Inc.; p. 54 Laboratory technician performing Analytical Profile Index (API), photograph by Geoff Tompkinson. © Geoff Tompkinson/Science Photo Library, Photo Researchers, Inc; p. 57 DNA circles of bacterial plasmid, scanning electron micrograph. © Gopal Murti/Phototake; p. 59 Electron micrograph of T4 Cells, or bacteriophage, photograph. © Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Phototake; p. 61 Honey bees around Queen in hive, photograph. © J. C. Cokendolpher/JLM Visuals. Reproduced by permission; p. 64 Elk fighting, Wyoming, photograph. © Breck P. Kent/JLM Visuals; p. 69 Soil erosion on the trail, Adirondack, photograph by Yoav Levy/Phototake; p. 71 Continental Drift, illustration by Accurate Art, Inc., Gale Group; p. 72 Mary Pat Reeves-Daly, mapping human Y chromosome, as part of Human Genome Mapping Project, photograph. © Roger Ressmeyer/Corbis; p. 75 Immunization technician Sgt. Louis Rios giving 2nd Lieutenant Clayton Bland a vaccination for anthrax, photograph. AP/Wide World Photos; p. 78 Smiling school girls, photograph. © The Purcell Team/Corbis; p. 81 Red-tailed hawk perched on stump, photograph by Robert J. Huffman/Field Mark Publications; p. 83 Beaulieu, Emile-Etienne, holding handful of the RU-486 abortion drug/pills, which he invented, photograph. AP/Wide World Photos; p. 90 Red and white blood cells flowing through saphenous vein, scanning electron micrograph. © Image Shop/Phototake; p. 94 Cancellous bone tissue affected by osteoporosis, false-color scanning electron micrograph. © Professor P. Motta/Dept. of Anatomy/University of La Sapienza, Rome/Science Photo Library, Photo Researchers, Inc.; p. 97 Axial section of human brain showing metastatic tumor, MRI by Simon Fraser. © Simon Fraser/Science Photo Library, Photo Researchers, Inc.; p. 101 Human brain with hypothalamus highlighted, green dot, MRI scan by Scott Camazine & Sue Trainor; © Scott Camazine & Sue Trainor/Photo Researchers, Inc.; p. 105 Liverwort, plant with leaf-like structures covered with tiny capsules, photograph. JLM Visuals; p. 109 Marine life from Cambrian Period, photograph by Robert J. Huffman/Field Mark Publications; p. 110 Human breast cancer cells growing in culture, photograph by Cecil Fox. © Cecil Fox/Photo Researchers, Inc; p. 111 Human abdomen showing cancer of the ascending colon, colored barium enema X ray. © Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.; p. 116 Electronic image of human heart undergoing angiography; indicates massive aneurism of aortal arch, photograph. © CNRI/Phototake; p. 119 Listeria monocytogenes, scanning electron micrograph image. © CNRI/Photo-take; p. 137 Tobacco leaf chloroplast, micrograph, photograph. © Dr. Jeremy Burgess/Science Photo Library, National Audubon Society Collection/Photo Researchers, Inc. Reproduced with permission; p. 141 Human chromosomes showing male mutation on gene 7, which determines cystic fibrosis, photomicrograph by Jean Claude Revy. © Jean Claude Revy/Phototake; p. 142 Digital image of multipolar and bipolar spindles from T84 colonic cancer cell cultures, photograph. © Albert Tousson/Phototake; p. 144 Mitosis metaphase of an animal cell, immunofluorescence photomicrograph. © CNRI/Phototake; p. 146 Human male chromosomes, XY karyotype, with G banding, karotype. © CNRI/Phototake; p. 153 Micro injection introducing foreign genes into animal cells, photograph by M. Baret. © M. Baret/Rapho, Photo Researchers, Inc; p. 158 Second growth birch forest, photograph. © Richard P. Jacobs/JLM Visuals; p. 161 Ground finch with dark feathers and bill, photograph by Tim Davis. Photo Researchers, Inc; p. 163 Pine cones, photograph. JLM Visuals; p. 167 People along polluted Swazambhunath River, in Kathmandu, Nepal, photograph. © Charlie Crangle/JLM Visuals; p. 182 Sand skink on top of shiny dark green leaf, 1985, Florida, photograph by Joseph T. Collins/Photo Researchers, Inc.; p. 184 Stretch of the great coral reef, between Cairns and Townsville, photograph. © Yann Arthus-Bertrand/Corbis; p. 187 Crick, Francis, photograph. The Library of Congress; p. 189 Horseshoe crab, photograph. © John M. Burnley/The National Audubon Society Collection/Photo Researchers, Inc; p. 192 Breast cancer cell dividing, colored scanning electron micrograph. © Quest/Science Photo Library, Photo Researchers, Inc.; p. 198 Darwin, Charles, photograph. Popperfoto/Archive Photos. © Archive Photos, Inc.; p. 202 Shadows form on the El Oued dunes, The Algerian Sahara Desert, Algeria, photograph. © Adam Woolfitt/Corbis; p. 203 High desert oasis, photograph. © Richard P. Jacobs/JLM Visuals; p. 205 Human embryo, 8-cell stage, day 3, scanning electron micrograph, SEM, scan by Dr. Yorgos Nikas. © Dr. Yorgos Nikas/Phototake; p. 209 Frog embryos complete their metamorphoses inside their eggs, photograph. Michael & Patricia Fogden/Corbis; p. 224 Human DNA fingerprint taken from blood to match donor and patient in organ transplantation, photograph. © Index Stock/Phototake; p. 227 Herpes simplex virus, HSV6, scanning electronic micrograph. © Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Phototake; p. 230 Surgeon looking at CAT scans, photograph. © Steve Chenn/Corbis; p. 233 Lab technician Li Zhang performing a density test from urine samples at the Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory, photograph. AP/Wide World Photos.

Volume 2

p. 6 Professor Ernst Haeckel, the German naturalist and philosopher, poses as if in a jungle scene, photograph. © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/Corbis; p. 9 Lush growth, mossy tree, temperate rain forest, photograph by Robert J. Huffman/Field Mark Publications; p. 12 Scientist sitting at scanning transmission electron microscope, STEM, photograph by Sinclair Stammers/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.; p. 14 Gloved hands holding a sheet/culture, electrophoresis gel, photograph. © Eurelios/Phototake; p. 17 White tiger in the zoo, photograph. © Shawn Gerrits/JLM Visuals; p. 21 Scintigram of normal human thyroid, front view, photograph. © CNRI/Phototake; p. 23 Phagocytosis, color enhanced transmission electron micrograph. © Biophoto Associates/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc; p. 27 Entomologist Elidia Fernandez sorts an insect collection for the Institute for Biodiversity, photograph. © Gary Braasch/Corbis; p. 39 Ravenglass Estuary curving to the sea, Cumbria, England, photograph. Corbis/Genevieve Leaper; p. 41 Chlamydia pneumonia, photograph by Dr. Kari Lounatmaa. Custom Medical Stock Photo; p. 42 Escherichia Coli, photograph by Kari Lounatmaa. Photo Researchers; p. 44 Bumble bee, photograph. © Lloyd R. Brockus III/JLM Visuals; p. 46 Darwin's Large Cactus Finch, © Breck P. Kent/JLM Visuals; p. 50 Antibiotic Staphylococcus aureus, photograph by Hank Morgan. © Hank Morgan/Science Photo Library, Photo Researchers, Inc.; p. 53 Fossil fish, photograph. © Richard P. Jacobs/JLM Visuals; p. 58 Ginkgo tree, photograph. JLM Visuals; p. 60 X ray, color enhanced normal intravenous pyelogram. © Biophoto Associates/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc; p. 65 Dinosaur skeleton on display at the Royal Terrell Museum, photograph. © Paul A. Souders/Corbis; p. 67 Carolina parakeets lie in bags with tags, photograph. © Jonathan Blair/Corbis; p. 73 Rod cells in the retina of the human eye, colored scanning electron micrograph. © Quest/Science Photo Library, Photo Researchers, Inc.; p. 77 Normal human uterus and fallopian tubes, hysterosalpinograph. © GCA/CNRI/Phototake; p. 83 Human fetus, 10 weeks old, inside amniotic sac, photograph. © CNRI/Phototake; p. 86 Gray wolves exhibiting submissive behaviors, photograph. © Mary Ann McDonald/Corbis; p. 88 Agronomists place a plastic greenhouse over crops, photograph. © Ted Spiegel/Corbis; p. 90 Despain, Don, measures Lodgepole Pine Seedlings, photograph. © Raymond Gehman/Corbis; p. 94 Snapdragons in flower, photograph by Eric Kamp. © Eric Kamp/Phototake; p. 95 Lab Agent Kathy Dressel works on DNA evidence in the murder of JonBenet Ramsey at the Colorado Bureau of Investigation, Boulder, Colorado, photograph. AP/Wide World Photos; p. 98 Boreal forest, evergreen trees, Michigan, photograph. JLM Visuals; p. 100 Oak/hickory trees in autumn, photograph by Robert J. Huffman/Field Mark Publications; p. 102 Moss-covered lianas in the Daintree National Park, Queensland, Australia, photograph. © Paul A. Souders/Corbis; p. 103 Agile gibbon hanging from tree branch with baby at waist, photograph. © Breck P. Kent/JLM Visuals; p. 105 Strawberry plants with fruit and blossoms, photograph. © Ed Young/Corbis; p. 111 Dark yellow Witches' Butter jelly fungus, photograph. © Richard P. Jacobs/JLM Visuals; p. 113 Detail that shows the gills of a mushroom, photograph. © Laura Sivell; Papilio/Corbis; p. 114 Salmon gills showing the filaments of the gills, photograph. © Ron Boardman; Frank Lane Picture Agency/Corbis; p. 124 Cancer cells infected with bioengineered adenovirus, photograph by Jean Claude Revy. © Jean Claude Revy/Phototake; p. 132 Chicken embryo, 96-hours old, photograph. © Richard P. Jacobs/JLM Visuals; p. 142 Man using computer to design complex proteins, photograph by Richard Nowitz. © Richard Nowitz/Phototake; p. 147 Mexico City, photograph. Reuters/Archive Photos; p. 154 Piles of wheat during harvest, Polouse Valley, Washington, photograph. © Vince Streano/Corbis; p. 157 Grassland, photograph. © Richard P. Jacobs/JLM Visuals; p. 159 Baby smiling, photograph. © Simon Dearden/Corbis; p. 160 Hand development of a 2, 6, and 19 year old male, computer color enhanced X ray by Scott Camazine. © Scott Camazine, Photo Researchers, Inc.; p. 162 Cycad, photograph. JLM Visuals; p. 166 Harvey, William, photograph. U.S. National Library of Science; p. 167 Bicyclist sitting under a shade tree, photograph by Robert J. Huffman/Field Mark Publications; p. 170 Hearing, human system, diagram by Hans & Cassidy. Gale Group; p. 173 Heart, diagram by Hans & Cassidy. Gale Group. p. 178 Close-up of branch with very long thorns, photograph. © Richard P. Jacobs/JLM Visuals; p. 181 Close-up of genetically manipulated corn, photograph. © Carolina Biological Supply Company/Phototake; p. 183 Buchner, Eduard, photograph. Hulton-Deutsch Collection/Corbis; p. 186 Microscope used by Robert Hooke, 17th century, photograph. © Bettmann/Corbis; p. 189 Young girl on her father's shoulders, photograph. © Raoul Minsart/Corbis; p. 193 Cuvier, Georges Leopold, photograph. The Library of Congress; p. 199 Hales, Stephen, engraving. The Library of Congress; p. 209 Beginnings of Civilization, map by XNR Productions Inc. Gale Research; p. 213 Female researcher loading an automated DNA sequencer at the Joint Genome Institute, photograph. Photo Researchers; p. 215 Computer print-out of sequence of DNA, placed below multi-well sample tray, upper left, and automated pipettes, lower right, illustration by © James King-Holmes/Science Photo Library. Photo Researchers; p. 217 Ingredients that should make up the bulk of a healthy diet, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, photograph. © Nathan Benn/Corbis; p. 221 Tomatoes ripen on vine for market, photograph. © Ed Young/Corbis.

Volume 3

p. 2 Human brain, cervical spine, and spinal marrow, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). © GCA/CNRI/Phototake; p. 6 Cancer cell attacked by tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, scanning electron micrograph by Jean Claude Revy. © Jean Claude Revy/Phototake; p. 8 Katydid on human hand, photograph. JLM Visuals; p. 11 House and hill overgrown with kudzu, photograph. JLM Visuals; p. 22 Canadian Rockies, Ben My Chreem, Yukon, photograph. © Lowell R. Laudon/JLM Visuals; p. 26 Leakey, Dr. L.S.B and Mary, photograph. AP/Wide World Photos, Inc; p. 27 Young girl fits blocks of different shapes through similarly shaped holes in a red box, photograph. © Robert Kozma/Corbis; p. 30 Spine of Cleistocactus, close-up, photograph. © Peggy Morsch/JLM Visuals; p. 32 Golden lichen, photograph. © Don Blegen/JLM Visuals; p. 33 Grandmother holding her grandson, Philadelphia, PA, photograph. © Ed Eckstein/Corbis; p. 36 Spawning sockeye salmon run the Fraser River from Shushwap Lake to Adams River, photograph. © Stuart Westmorland/Corbis; p. 38 Chicken embryo, 56-hours old, photograph. © Richard P. Jacobs/JLM Visuals; p. 40 Microscope, parts labeled, photograph. Carolina Biological Supply Company/Phototake; p. 52 Two Ceratium tripos, photomicrograph by Eric Grave. © Eric Grave/Phototake; p. 53 Lymphangiography, diagram of man's body, illustration. Electronic Illustrators Group; p. 57 Human testis showing spermatogenesis, photomicrograph by Ken Wagner. © Ken Wagner/Phototake; p. 61 Marine biologist in diving suit inspecting coral reef damaged by illegal fishing practices, photograph. AP/Wide World Photos; p. 63 Male frigatebird with its red throat pouch inflated, photograph. © Wolfgang Kaehler/Corbis; p. 64 McClintock, Barbara, photograph. UPI/Corbis-Bettmann; p. 70 Transmission Electron Micrograph, TEM, image of Golgi apparatus, photograph. © Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Phototake; p. 80 Mendel, Gregor, photograph. Archive Photos, Inc; p. 86 Two lysomes that contain digestive enzymes which destroy damaged molecules; in an intestinal epithelial cell, colored high resolution scanning electron micrograph. P. Motta & T. Naguro/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc; p. 89 Fat cells that make up adipose connective tissue, colored scanning electron micrograph. © Quest/Science Photo Library, Photo Researchers, Inc; p. 90 Quality control microbiologist Kim Egger inspects a bacteria culture from ground meat processed at Excel Corporation's slaughterhouse, photograph. AP/Wide World Photos; p. 93 Spring tide of surfbirds surge from the mud flats of Alaska's Copper River delta, photograph. © Jonathan Blair/Corbis; p. 94 Indian leaf butterfly, photograph. © Richard P. Jacobs/JLM Visuals; p. 99 Mitosis of an animal cell, early prophase, photograph. © CNRI/Phototake; p. 100 Mitosis of an animal cell, early metaphase, photograph. © CNRI/Phototake; mitosis of an animal cell, immunofluorescence photomicrograph. © CNRI/Phototake; mitosis telophase of an animal cell, photograph. © CNRI/Phototake; p. 101 Fruit fly head, magnified 200 times, scanning electron micrograph. © Dr. Dennis Kunkel, Phototake; p. 104 Hands holding lab mouse, photograph. © Mario Beauregard/Corbis; p. 107 Eastern prairie fringed orchid, photograph. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; p. 114 Human knee joint with patella, X ray. © CNRI/Phototake; p. 116 White American alligator shows a genetic mutation known as ieucism, Miami Zoo, photograph. © W. Perry Conway/Corbis; p. 118 African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, mutated, with three hind legs, photograph by Mark Smith. © Mark Smith/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc.; p. 120 Endotrophic mycorrhizae in orchid root, magnified 100x, photograph. © Carolina Biological Supply Company/Phototake; p. 122 Eggs and spider-lings of Uloborid Spider, photograph. © J. C. Cokendolpher/JLM Visuals; p. 130 Human brain with Parkinson's Disease showing atrophy, Computerized Axial Tomography, CAT, scan. © GJLP/CNRI/Phototake; p. 134 Two types of neurons; top of image shows a bipolar neuron, bottom of image is a developing neuron, scanning electron micrograph. © Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Phototake; p. 137 Nitrogen fixation, bacteria, plants, photograph. © Adam Hart-Davis, National Audubon Society Collection/Photo Researchers, Inc.; p. 139 Macrophage engulfing a Leishmania sp. parasite, colored scanning electron micrograph. © Juergen Berger, Max-Planck Institute/Science Photo Library, Photo Researchers, Inc.; p. 142 Single mammalian tissue culture cell, color transmission electron micrograph. Dr. Gopal Murti/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.; p. 149 Loh, Dan, photograph. AP/Wide World Photos; p. 151 Anemone, Tunicate, Oyster, and Sponge, photograph. © Stephen Frink/Corbis; p. 152 Bottlenosed dolphin playing, photograph. © Stephen Frink/Corbis; p. 155 Blood smear showing leukemia cells, photomicrograph. © Margaret Cubberly/Phototake; p. 160 Hand wearing glove, holding worms, compost sits below, photograph by Robert J. Huffman/Field Mark Publications; p. 164 Meteorite ALH84001, from Mars, 4.5 billion years old, photograph. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); p. 172 Larson, Peter, running fingers over teeth of a Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton, photograph. AP/Wide World Photos; p. 175 Dog hookworms in small intestines, photograph. © Michael L. Wolmack/JLM Visuals; p. 178 Young native boy with blonde hair trait, Lubaria Island, Solomon Islands, photograph. © Wolfgang Kaehler/Corbis; p. 183 Micrograph comparing healthy red blood cells with a sickle cell, photograph by Dr. Gopal Murti. National Audubon Society Collection/Photo Researchers, Inc.; p. 190 Diagram showing the central and peripheral nervous systems, left, and the autonomic nervous system, right, illustration by Frank Forney; p. 192 Scientist performing pharmacological research, photograph. © Bob Krist/Corbis; p. 194 Cecropia moth, photograph. Robert J. Huffman/Field Mark Publications; p. 203 Dromedary camel, photograph. © Leonard Lee Rue, III/The National Audubon Society Collection/Photo Researchers, Inc.; p. 206 Marine Plankton, green organisms with orange spots, 1960-1995, photograph by Douglas P. Wilson. Corbis/Dougals P. Wilson; Frank Lane Picture Agency; p. 226 Digitalis, photograph. © Ken Wagner/Phototake; p. 227 Release of pollen from anther of a black walnut, photograph. © Yoav Levy/Phototake; p. 230 Closed General Electric plant in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, on the Housatonic River, photograph. AP/Wide World Photos; p. 237 Cheetah, photograph. Robert J. Huffman/Field Mark Publications.

Volume 4

p. 2 Peregrine falcon with wings outstretched, photograph by Tim Davis. Photo Researchers, Inc.; p. 3 School of fish swimming above blue and green coral reef, Indian Ocean, off Pemba Island, 1991, photograph by Stephen Frink. Corbis/Stephen Frink; p. 21 Dinoflagellate gambierdiscus toxicus, scanning electron micrograph by Dr. Dennis Kunkel. © Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Phototake; p. 22 Diatoms, photograph. © Richard P. Jacobs/JLM Visuals; p. 24 Euglena protozoa, photomicrograph by Eric Grave. © Eric Grave/Phototake; p. 27 Plasmodium flaciparum, malaria parasite, electron micrograph. © Institut Pasteur/Phototake; p. 28 Brain scans of a schizophrenic patient, bottom, versus a normal patient, top, colored positron emission tomography. © Wellcome Dept. of Cognitive Neurology/Science Photo Library, Photo Researchers, Inc.; p. 32 Man shows the milky juice of unripe seedpods used to make opium from the opium poppy plant, photograph. © Michael S. Yamashita/Corbis; p. 33 Sensitive fern, close-up of single leaf, photograph by Robert J. Huffman/Field Mark Publications; p. 39 Slade, Dennis, photograph. AP/Wide World Photos; p. 53 Structure of Hibiscus flower, photograph by Ken Wagner. © Ken Wagner/Phototake; p. 57 Bumblebee pollinating flower, photograph by Robert J. Huffman/Field Mark Publications; p. 61 In vitro fertilization, photograph. © CC Studio/Science Photo Library, Photo Researchers, Inc.; p. 64 Respiratory system, diaphragm, photograph by Hans & Cassidy. Gale Group; p. 67 Model of HIV virus, photograph. Corbis-Bettmann; p. 70 Old-growth forest with understory of wood sorrel in Mt. Hood National Forest in Oregon, photograph by William H. Mullins. Photo Researchers, Inc.; p. 71 Color-coded cryo-EM map of the E. coli ribosome, photograph. Courtesy of Joachim Frank/Health Research, Inc.; p. 74 Farmland on the banks of the Nile, Egypt, photograph. © Yann Arthus-Bertrand/Corbis; p. 79 Cross-section of plant in soil, photograph. © Premium Stock/Corbis; p. 86 Kidney bean sprouting into a seedling, photograph. Photo Researchers, Inc.; p. 90 Arabidopsis sp. seed pods, scanning electron micrograph, SEM. © Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Phototake; p. 92 Autumn scene with man, photograph by Robert J. Huffman/Field Mark Publications; p. 93 Purified adenovirus, photograph by Jean Claude Revy. © Jean Claude Revy/Phototake; p. 95 Barr body in a female squamous epithelium cell, photograph. © Lester V. Bergman/Corbis; p. 97 Normal human female chromosomes (XX) in karotype. © Leonard Lessin, FBPA/Photo Rsearchers, Inc.; p. 99 Common frogs in amplexus, photograph. © John Tinning; Frank Lane Picture Agency/Corbis; p. 102 Rainbow trout eggs hatching, photograph. JLM Visuals; p. 105 Male and female black widow spiders, photograph. © J. C. Cokendolpher/JLM Visuals; p. 107 Gonorrhea cells, photograph. Custom Medical Stock Photo; p. 108 Syphilitic infection, sexually transmitted disease, photograph. © CNRI/Phototake; p. 111 Fiddlehead ferns, close-up, photograph by Robert J. Huffman/Field Mark Publications; p. 113 Lymphocytes, T-cells, and 3 red cells, scanning electron micrograph. © NYU Franklin Research Fund/Phototake; p. 118 Snake skeleton, photograph. © Richard P. Jacobs/JLM Visuals; p. 125 Pillows of coral colored Myxomycetes grow on damp wood, photograph. © Steve Austin; Papilio/Corbis; p. 128 Two gannets greeting each other on Bonaventure Island, Quebec, photograph. © Breck P. Kent/JLM Visuals; p. 130 Olive baboon grooming papio cynocephalus, photograph. © Joe McDonald/Corbis; p. 131 Wilson, Edward O., 1991, photograph. AP/Wide World Photos; p. 143 Cleaner shrimp, cleaner moray, photograph. JLM Visuals; p. 149 Three T-lymphocytes, scanning electron micrograph, SEM, image. © Microworks/Phototake; p. 152 Linnaeus, Carolus, engraving. The Library of Congress; p. 153 Archeobacteria, scanning electron micrograph by Eurelios. © Eurelios/Phototake; p. 155 Pit Bull Panting, photograph. © Lawrence Manning/Corbis; p. 159 Thyroid Nuclear Medicine Scan, enhanced Scintigram, photograph by Oliver Meckes. Photo Researchers, Inc.; p. 161 Close-up of a human fingerprint, macrophotograph by Martin Dohrn. © Martin Dohrn/Science Photo Library, Photo Researchers, Inc.; p. 173 Surgeons clean a human kidney in preparation for transport into a patient at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, photograph. © Nathan Benn/Corbis; p. 177 Cook Strait Tuatara, photograph by Tom McHugh. Photo Researchers, Inc.; p. 178 Sea-peach tunicate, photograph. JLM Visuals; p. 181 Vaccination process, illustration. Electronic Illustrators Group. p. 185 Veterinarian technicians check the blood pressure of a dog, photograph.

AP/Wide World Photos; p. 188 T4 bacteriophage virus, colored transmission electron micrograph. © Department of Microbiology, Biozentrum/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.; p. 189 Compound eye of a fruit fly, scanning electron micrograph, SEM. © Dr. Dennis Kunkel; p. 194 Drop of guttation, water extruded by a plant's root pressure, on a blade of grass. Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area, Washington, photograph. © Pat O'Hara/Corbis; p. 196 Watson, Dr. James Dewey, with DNA model, 1962, photograph. UPI/Corbis-Bettmann; p. 198 Dead tree trunks, stumps in deep blue water, golden leaves, photograph by Robert J. Huffman/Field Mark Publications; p. 199 Biologists take samples from drugged polar bears for data about pesticides, photograph. © Galen Rowell/Corbis; p. 201 Man walks across giant rollers used to crush wood pulp at the Ketchikan Pulp Company, photograph. © Kevin Fleming/Corbis; p. 205 Zoo veterinarian Don Janssen examining the San Diego Zoo's 2-week old giant panda cub, photograph. AP/Wide World Photos.